I 




Glass \ A 15s - 

Book 3S 



CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES 
AND DEVICES 



Civil Engineeeing Types 



AND 



Devices 



A CLASSIFIED AND ILLUSTRATED INDEX OF PLANT, 

CONSTRUCTIONS, MACHINES, MATERIALS, MEANS 

AND METHODS ADOPTED AND IN USE IN 

CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS OF 

EVERY CLASS. 



FOR THE USE OF 

CIVIL ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN, STUDENTS, 
BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS. 



Mttb 1,760 JUustrattons, 



T/W? BAKBEE, M.Inst.C.E.. 

AUTHOR OF "tHK ENGINEEK'S SKETCH-BOOK OF MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS ", ETC., 

"the ItEPAIU AND MAINTENANCE OF MACHINERY," " THE POUT OP LONDON AND 

THK THAMK8 MAUHArTE," ETC.. l'',TC'. 




I). AIMMJsTON AND COMrANY. 
MCMW. 



T^\53 

.'33 



STEPHEN AUSTIN .V SONS. LTD. 
PETN'TEES. HEETFOED. 






r 



PEEFACE. 

The object aimed at in this work is the collection and 
classification in one handy volume of all the known devices 
and methods in use in every branch of civil engineering work, 
in the form of sketches, or brief drawings and descriptions, 
sufficient to enable an engineer to make a selection without 
overloading the matter with detail, which every competent 
engineer can readily design for himself. 

There are numerous published works dealing with special 
branches of engineering, or parts of such, in full detail, which 
may be consulted for details ; but no general illustrated index 
such as is presented in the following pages. 

It is hoped that this index may be of the same service to 

the active civil engineer as the Engineer s Sketch-hook has 

proved to be to the mechanical engineer. 

T. W. Barber. 



CONTENTS. 



1 

2 

8 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

28 

21 

25 

2() 

27 

28 

29 

80 

81 



Foundations : wet and dry 
Masonry and brickwork . 
Drainage 
Motive -power 
Bridges and girders 
Iron buildings 
Wood framing 
Columns, struts, and ties 
Anchorages . 
Constructional steelwork 
Floors and partitions 
Roof coverings 
Roads and streets . 
Rolled iron and steel bars and 
Materials of construction other 
Retaining walls 
Railways : earthworks . 
,, i)ermanent way 

,, signalling and tele 

,, stations 

,, tunnels and culvei 

( ai'riages and rolling stock foi 

'I'raniways 

Canals, aipieducts . 

I leating and ventiljition . 

I Mate work 

(las supply 

llydriuilics . 

Sea and I'iver structures . 

Irrigiition 

I )()('l\s, luirhoui's 



plates 
than 



ra})! 



road 



u'on 



nd 



and steel 



111 



2 

8 

12 

16 

18 

44 

46 

52 

58 

62 

66 

72 

72 

74 

84 

86 

92 

9() 

108 

110 

1 1() 

120 

128 

i;m 

I 10 
1 i I 

I :.() 

I 52 
UU) 
171 
17(> 



YlU 



CONTENTS. 



SFX'TION. 






32 


Lighthouses, buoys, beacons, 


moorings 


83 


Disposal of refuse, etc. . 


. 


34 


Tanks and containers 


. 




35 


Mines, wells . 






36 


Fencing- 


. 




37 


Staging and false works 


. 




38 


Hoisting machinery 


. 




39 


Submarine engineering . 


. 




40 


Opening bridges 






41 


Koofs .... 


. 




42 


Concrete and reinforced concrete 




43 


Dams and weirs 


. 




44 


Water supply 


. 





PAGE. 

182 
184 
186 
188 
192 
196 
202 
214 
216 
220 
234 
240 
244 



CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES 
AND DEVICES 



FOR THE USE OF 



CIVIL ENGINEERS, DRAUGHTSMEN, STUDENTS, 
BUILDERS, AND CONTRACTORS. 



J 



CB'IL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



Section 1.— FOUNDATIONS: WET AND DRY 

(See also Sections 16, 17. 29.) 



1 Concrete bed or base for a large building on uncertaiii 
gronnd. Soft places are strengthened by piling. 



2-9 Cylinder or caisson foundations for bridge piers, etc. 
The gronps of cylinders are connected by horizontal frames 
and capped with girder framing to form a base for the masonr>' 
or steel arches. 



10 Vertical section of a cylinder caisson hned with brick- 
work or concrete. Tiie " ::t:ni edge is bevelled to enter the 
gronnd. and. where ntc — - _ . the cylinder is loaded inside or 
on top to force it down as the material is excaTated. 



11 Sinking a pile in soft ground or sand by water- jet . from 

a piimp. 



12 Elevation of a cylinder base for a bridge pier. 



FOUNDATIONS. 




4 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



13 Elongated caisson for a bridge pier, sunk in the same 
way as No. 10. 



14 Retaining wall with apron, supported by sheet piles. (See 
also Section 16.) 



15 Caisson sunk by compressed air and air-locks in water, 
or strata heavily charged with water. 



16, 17 Iron piles sunk by water pressure in soft strata 
or sand. 



18 Iron cylinder sunk to the rock as a working pit or caisson 
in which to fix a column founded on the rock. 



19 Screw pile foundation for a wall. Each pair of piles is 
connected by a top girder on which the wall is founded. 



20 Another form of caisson (as No. 13) lined with masonry. 



21 Concrete or sand piles. (See Section 42.) Sand piles are 
formed in holes prepared by a driven pile or jumper (see 
Nos. 1-10, Section 41) and filled with sand. 



W\ 



FOUXDATIOXS. 




6 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

22 Concrete and stepped footing for a wall. 

23 Ditto, battered, for a retaining wall. 

24 Concrete pile. (See Section 42.) 

25 Footing of wall founded on piles. 

26 Wall footing on longitudinal timbers resting on piles. 

27 Retaining or sea wall, with stone apron to protect the 

footing from the wash of the sea. 

28 Wall on girders, supported by screw piles. 

29 Relieving arch over a soft place in a foundation. 

30 Invert arch to spread the load of piers between openings 

evenly on the foundation. 

31 Flange-footed pile, sunk generally by water, as No. 16. 

32 Ditto, with flat flange. 

33 Hollow screw pile, with serrated cutting edge. 

34 Hollow flat-flange pile, with radial scrapers to facilitate 

sinking as the pile is revolved. 

Holes for posts or trees are sometimes made by blasting with 
small sticks of dynamite or powder cartridges sunk in holes 
jumped in the ground. 



FOUNDATIONS. 



22 



Z- 






25 




26 



?C=ffc=^ 



TTZIZl 



V v/ 







30 



31 



^r:Sii^^ 



o- 





S Cr\'IL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 2.— MASONRY AND BRICKWORK. 

1 Section of random rubble stone wall. 

2 Ditto, in courses. 

3 Ditto, coursed rubble wall. 

4 Brick wall with ashlar face. 

5 Squared stone wall. 

6 Ditto, backed by brickwork. 

7-11 Various forms of hollow or rusticated joints in 

masonry or ashlar. 

12-16 Sections of brick walls from half brick to 2^^ bricks thick. 

17 Flemish bond iu wall face. 

18 English bond in ditto. 

19-22 Plans of bonding in 1^- brick walls. 

23 Ditto in 2 brick waU. 

24 Elevation of face of random rubble wall. Xo 1. 

25 Ditto, in courses, Xo. 2. 

26 Ditto, coursed rubble wall, Xo. 3. 

27 Ditto, of ashlar and masonry walls, Xcs. 4-6. 



MASONRY AND BRICKWORK. 



5 



is- 



— I' ' 

|i I I 



^ 



'0 , 



12 




13 

1 




14- 




15 




16 

1 1 




1 


1 


1 1 


1 


[ 


1 1 


' 1 




1 




1 1 


1 


, 1 


1 ' 1 


II ■ 




1 


1 


1 1 


1 










25 



26 



:wg j 



J J I. j j : 



^^±.JISLXA 



17 



1 I J , I rzi 

U 1 III I J— 

18 



I . . M . . I r ^^"1 I II I 



I I I l ' ' l I I l' I ' l ' l l' I ' l I 'l I'l I'l 



J9 



20 




4 b~p ^~p b~p b~ 



21 



22 



^■_^,_^i^ d,^^^^^!^'p[^ 



2^ 



27 



I . I , I . I 



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10 CJVU. E^XTIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



2^ Face of squared masonry wall. 
29 Toggle bed joint in masonry wall. 
30-2 Other forms of toggle-jointed masonry. 
83 Toggle-joints in arched masonry. 

34 Relieving arch :T,^r a T»air of \riiidoT«rs. 

35 Slab wall toD^ued and CTooTed. 



36 Wood partition faced with concrete :r fibrous plaster 
slabs seeuTri ".'^ :i.".:-5. ^tt ^^t:ti:"-1 ±1. 



37-43 Copings : r bonndary \ralls. 

^~-: Corbels, brick or stone : angular or straight. 



MASONRY AND BRICKWORK. 



11 



ZQ 



37 




23 



\ 


7\ 


7[ 







A-O 41 



3d 




Tr"~l__) 



30 




I 
% 



35 



44- 



I . . I 



39 



42 43 

mT ] 



^ 



31 






i- -I 
I- -I 



36 



^ 



^- -^ 



45 



>^ 




12 CIVIL EXGINEERIXG- TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 3.— DRAINAGE. 

Land drains naturally to streams and rivers. 
1-5 Glazed earthenware drain-pipes. 

6 Drain-pipe bedded in concrete. 

7 Cleaning branch and eye for a drain-pipe, with box and 

cover. 

8 Inspection chamber, brick in cement, witli cast-iron cover 

and frame and open junctions. 

9 Smaller inspection box : the drain may have a branch and 

cover as shown or open half-round pipe as No. 8. 

10-12 Open, half-round, and closed junctions for inspection 
chambers. 

13-16 Land drains : subsoil drains. 

17 Open canal or cut drain for surface water. 

18 Stonework box drain. 

19 Circular stonework drain. 

20 Oval ditto. 

21 Egg oval brick sewer. 



n 



DRAINAGE. 



13 




14- 15 



16 



-I r-i — I I I I I 1 I 




13 




f8 



W 

L'^- 



3_. 



19 



J 



t' 





1^ CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

22 Arched brick sewer ou tlat brickwork base. 

23 Egg oval drain on concrete base. 
24: Another form of ditto. 

25 Main sewer iu au eartlien embankment. 



26 Cast-iron pipe sewer lined with brick or concrete and carried 
across a river or stream on steel oirders. 



27-30 Forms of surface traps in general use. 

31 Pedestal closet-pan and trap with tlnsh pipe. There are 

numerous varieties of this type. 

32 Trap and cleaning eye combined. 

33 Draining marsh land or lake by syphon carried over an 

embankment wall. 



Separate sewers are sometimes used for surface and domestic 
drainage. 



Marshes are drained into rivers and streams by open drains 
intersecting the marsh and emptying into a main drain usually 
inside and parallel to the river wall. From this drain the 
water is run through sluices in the wall at low tide. 



DRAINAGE. 



15 




16 Civn. EXGrS'EEBIN'G TYPES -0"T) DEVICES. 



Section 4.— M0T1VE-P0\X'ER. 

It is assiLOied that aJl ::i--: ;: '_ -LL^rgy is deriTea Dicre or less directly 
f Fom the smi, who^- jibine : 1, heat ; 2, light ; 3, actinic or 

: r _::al power. 

Heat _:iay }ye obtained— 

a By direct nse of the son's rays. 
b From any combustible material. 
c From chemical reaction. 

T.iglit does not separately develop power. 

Chemical reactions are employed to develop heat, combustion, 
_:::_: : t insionj as means of developing power. 



: : 1 : egoiii^ elementary physical sonrces the following are the 
: - nrces of onr power for mechanical pnrpoees : — 

El^trical power. 

Magnetic power. 

Tidal motion. 

Falling water. 

Descending weights. 

Wave motion. 

Wind. 

Expansion of air or other gases. 

Steam. 

Explosives. 

Fnels, hydrocarbons, etc. 

These are employed in producing power by the^ollowing apparatus or 
motors : — 

Electric motors riven from a dvnamo, batterv, or accumu- 



Magnetic power cannot be employed continuously as a motor, 
as i L5 - J : ~ restricted to attraction. 

Tidal motion :v:i be utilized to drive any kind of wheel, see 

r _T -- --ction 28. It can also be stored in a 

T T- - i-er engine as it flows in and out on 

T £ _ T : ■?: boating vessel may, by its rise and 

: 1 ::_ 1^ : Tt l_ : h : machines. 

FallirLg water : : : i : :— ziployed to utilize, see Water 
~ 1 T - ; I : 11 — ' L L -^iie EngLnes, etc.. Section 28. 

Descending weights : zr-t of course be raised, absorbing 

- :_ L. _ 1^ _ „- : give out in falling, n^ecting 

_ :: - J _: ri -repression of a spring, and 

_ 1 :: : - - : : _ t : irus employed to utilize 



MOTIVE-POWER. 17 

Wave motion is too uncertain and erratic to be a practicable 
source of power. Rocking air-compressing chambers, rocking 
pum^Ds, etc., have obtained some small measure of success. 

Wind, windmills. 

Expansion of air and gases. Ascending currents of hot 
air from a fire are used to drive a light screw motor, fan, etc. 
Hot-air engines, see Ryder's patent and numerous others, 
which act by alternate expansion and contraction of air by 
heating and cooling. Air compressed in an accumulator or 
reservoir is employed to give motion to multiplying pulleys 
or an air engine. 

Expansion of liquids, other than water (by heat), into the 
gaseous form. Engines in which the fuel is burnt under 
pressure and the total products of combustion employed 
(with or without steam) to drive a motor. 

Steam is in reality one of the last-mentioned sources of 
power ; it is employed by direct pressure on a piston or 
ram ; or to produce direct rotary motion also in the jet 
pump ; or injector ; or by direct pressure on a body of 
water contained in a closed vessel, as in the pulsometer, 
steam accumulator, etc. 

Explosives are substances which, by application of flame, 
heat, percussion, etc., suddenly assume the gaseous form, 
thus increasing their bulk many hundred times, usually in 
a small fraction of a second of time. A second class comprises 
explosive mixtures of gases, such as hydrogen and oxygen, 
carburetted hydrogen, and air. Some attempts have been 
made to employ explosive substances to drive engines in 
various ways, but with no permanent success. The second 
class of explosive mixtures of gases is largely employed in 
the gas engine, petroleum engine, and their varieties. 

Fuels, hydrocarbons, etc., are employed to evaporate water 
into steam ; to expand air or other gases, or convert liquids 
into gases ; and also by vaporization to supply gas for use in 
numerous forms of gas and oil engines. 

Hot-air motor. A current of liot air passing up a iluo 
i'(!V()lves an air tui'l)ino. 

Naphtha engines are gas engines employing tlu> vain^ur of 
iiai)htha and air as an exi)losive mixture, instead of that of 
])(>tr()l(Mini (oil (nigiiuO or carburc^ttcHl li\(bH>gen gas (gas 
engine). 

c 



18 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPE? AXD DEVICES. 

Section 5.— BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 

(For detail? of girders, booms, sU"iits, and ties see Sections 8 and 10.) 

MA50XRY BRIDGES. 

1 Semicircular arch. 

2 Elliptical arch. 

3 Gothic arch. 

4: Byzantine arch. 

5 Moorish arch. 

6 Skew arch bridge. 

7 Lintel over door or lA-indow. 

8 Flat brick arch. 

9 Semi-arch. 

10 Three-hinge arch bridge. 

TIMBER BRIDGES. 

11 Simple pile and girder bridge or gantry. 

12 Pile and girder bridge or gantry with struts. 

13 Horizontal stepped-timber girder bridge. 
11: Timber girder bridge with double stmts and masoniy -pievs. 



BEIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



19 








' 






^ 


/ 


/ 




/ 


/ 




/ 


/ 




/ 


/ 




/ 


/ 




/ 







13 



14 



mr^i. 



10 



20 CBTL EXCtIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



15 Horizontal stepped-timber girder : .1 masonry piers. 

16 Braced timber girder, double strutted and carried on 



1, Similar bridge, but on double pile piers. 



18-22 Timber-braced girder bridges. ihe bracing may be 



2'd-4: Arched timber bridges, braced. 

25 Timber-braced girder vrith vertical steel ties. 

26 Timber arch bridge with laminated arch and radial struts. 



27 Combined bowstring and horizontal braced girder 
bridge. 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



21 




22 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AND DEVICES. 

28 Timber gantry or viaduct with timber wings to support an 

embankment or abutment. 

29 Cross section of ditto. 
30-2 Cast-iron bridges. 

CAST-IRON BRIDGES. 
33-1 Cast-iron braced girders. 
35-41 Cross sections of various types of cast-iron girders. 

42 Cast-iron girder with parallel flanges. 

43 Ditto, with curved top flange. 

44 Cast-iron fish-bellied girder with steel truss rods. 

45 Cast-iron girder with steel truss rods. 

STEEL GIRDERS. 

46-8 Sections of rolled steel girders. 

49-51 Sections of built-up girders formed of roUed girders, channels, 
angles, and plates. 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



23 




29 




'H 



4-0, 



j^^y-^ 



[^ 



39 




38 





37 



36 

n 





42 










1 



35 



^ 




50 51 



=^ip 






46 47 4-3 49 



Irr-^U L^^ 



24 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



52-3 Sections of built-up girders, formed of rolled girders, 

L irons, and plates. 



51-7 Sections of pressed steel troughs for bridge floors. 
Small bridges are frequently constructed of troughs across 
the span as girders. 



58-61 Bulb and U steel girders. 

62 Plate girder with parallel flanges. 

63 Ditto, with fish-belly bottom flange. 

STEEL BRIDGES. 
61-6 Braced girders with horizontal flanges. 
67 Lattice girder. 
68-9 Warren girders. 



70-4 Bowstring braced girders. In No. 74 the dotted lines 
show a method of strengthening the top flange sometimes 
employed. 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



25 



52 



53 



^ 



LJk d 



^3-" i-cr- 



Jlk,: 



-C7 O' 



56 

62 



63 




64- 



65 



68 



69 



70 




58 59 60 61 



57 




A A i Jff 1L 



y 


X 


/\ 




X 


X] 


V / 

A 


X 





\ 
\ 


\ 


X 


X 


/ 




/ 









66 










/ 


/ 




/ 
X 


\ 


\ 


X 


\ 





/ 



26 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



75-8 Braced arched girders. 



79 Combined horizontal and Warren type bowstring 
girder. 



80 Bowstring and fish-belly braced Warren type girder. 
81-3 Braced arched girders. 
84-5 Bowstring girder bridges. 

86 Trussed braced girder. 

87 Diagonal braced American type girder. 



BKIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



27 




28 ClVn. EXGIXEEEESTx -ypZS AXD DEVICES. 



88-9 Trussed braced birders. 



'.; ; Ordinary catenary suspension bridge — 1:1 -rrtical ties- 

91 Suspension bridge -:vitli braced horizontal boom. 

92 Ditto idth diagonal and vertical ties. 

93 Diiio \oiii brac-ed catenary. 

94 Ditto with diagonal ties. 

95 Ditto with braced catenary. 

96 Ditto with connierbraced vertical ties (or stmts). 



i 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



29 




30 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



97 Suspension bridge ^Yith Warren type bracings. 

98-9 Cantilever bridges with central girder. 

-# 
100-1 Braced arch bridges. 

102 Centre and two-side spans, cantilever continuous. 

103-5 Braced arch bridges. 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



31 




32 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES, 



106 Braced arch bridge with two side spans. 

107 Arched centre span and two semi-arch side spans. 

lOS Double cantilever bridge with diagonal pier struts and 
central girder. 

109 Another form of the last. 



110 Bowstring tubular plate girder bridge with tubular 
top boom. 



Ill Braced bowstring girder with tubular top boom. 



112-13 Sections of the last 



two. 



BKIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



33 




34 CT^'IL EXGIXEEEiyCx TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



114 Double cantilever bridge ^irh Yertical and diagonal 
bracing and central girder. 

In the last three types the roadway is carried on the lower 
horizontal boom. 



115 Di::o with horizontal top boom forming the roadway. 



116 Ditto with arched top and bottom booms. 



1 1 / Ditto with arched bottom boom. 

In the last two lypes the roadway is carried on the 
vertical braces. 



ll'^ Combined horizontal and bowstring bridge ';v:rh 

VcriliCti-i. tlcS. 

119 Tubular plate girder bridge. 

120 Section of the last - irh ceUtdar top boom. 

121 Ditio with stiffened top boom. 



J 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



85 




36 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXCx TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

122 Lattice girder. 

BRIDGE FLOORS. 

123 Longitudinal plank flooring on rolled cross girders. 



124 Longitudinal plank floor, covered with asphalt and baUast, 
banked for a curved line of sleeper railway. 



125 Transverse flat or trough plates, covered with asphalt, 
old bricks, and ballast for sleeper railway. 



126 Plate cross girders carrying longitudinal rail sleepers and 

rolled joists. 

127 Longitudinal section of floor constructed of rolled cross 

girders with arched brick filling, carrying asphalt and ballast 
for a sleeper railway. 

128 Transverse troughs (see Xos. ol:-6) filled with ballast for 

a sleeper railway. 

129 Ditto carrying longitudinal sleeper railway. 

130 Longitudinal troughs carrying longitudinal sleeper railway. 



131 Ditto on arched plates riveted to longitudinal J rolled girders 
carried on cross girders. 



132 Plate girders, transverse and longitudinal, supporting plank 
flooring and longitudinal rail sleepers. 



BEIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



37 



I2Z 






126 






127 




128 



^^^m 



129 



■^ 



132 



? 

J 





130 



38 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



133 Longitudinal sleepers supported in longitudinal troughs 
carried bv cross girders. 



134 Transverse rolled girders supporting arched plates and 
ballast for a railwav. 



135 Carriage roadway and two footways of wood or 
granite setts with concrete channels, carried on planking 
and longitudinal girders, with concrete arched filling. 



136 Ditto with cast-iron channels laid on three thicknesses of 
planking on cambered cross girders. 



137 Cambered roadway of wood or granite setts on cast- 
iron plates and longitudinal rolled girders. 



138 Ditto on arched steel plates and cross girders. 



139 Sleeper railway on longitudinal plank floor carried on cross 
girders. 



110 Sleeper railway banked for a curved line on ballast and 
longitudinal trough plates and sloping cross girders. 



141 Double line of flange rails on plank floor supported 
on four longitudinal sleepers and cross girders. 



142 Transverse section of a girder bridge having transverse 
arched top bracing. 



1 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



89 




134- 



T- T 




J36 



gSfa^TlXIJJ ,' I, ' ,' I, ITJTn 




137 

rilTimzXTji 



I r 



138 







14-1 



r'"w^-^^^ 



40 Cn'IL EXGINEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



143 Bowstring plate girder. 

144 Arched plate girder. 

145 Plan of girder bridge with diagonal wind bracing. 
116-8 Sections of plate girders, 

119-50 Platework and T standard parapet. 



151-2 Tube rail bridge parapet, with cast- or wronght-iron 
standards. 



153-1 Cast-iron panelled parapet. 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



41 




(4-4- 







42 CIVIL EXGIXEEEiyG TYPES AXD DEVICES, 



155-7 Elevation plan and section of light rope suspension 
bridge. 



158-9 Braced bridge of triangular cross section. 

160 Type of railway crossing footbridge in timber or steel. 

161 Pontoon bridge on boats, pontoons, rafts, or barrels. 
Reinforced concrete girders. (See Section 4:2.^ 
Bridge parapets. fSee Section 36.) 



BRIDGES AND GIRDERS. 



43 




44 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 6.— IRON BUILDINGS. 

(For details of steelwork see Section 10 ; for iron roofs see Sect. 41.) 

1 Galvanized corrugated iron or steel building with arched 

roof (see Section 41) and walls framed of T and L irons. 



2 Iron shed (any type of roof, see Section 41) carried on cast-iron 
or steel columns (see Section 8), and either open sides or wood 
or corrugated steel filling on framing. 



3 Side elevation of side of iron building. 

4 Ditto of open side building. 

5 Ditto, ornamented in cast iron. 



6 Details of iron buildings with H columns and corrugated 
sides. 



Corrugated iron dwellings, bungalows, sheds, stables, 
schools, chapels, and other buildings are of Tery varied . design 
and do not require illustration. They are generally lined inside 
with matched boarding, or studding covered with fibrous plaster, 
and the fire-places, flues, and chimneys built of brickwork with 
wood or concrete floors. Such buildings are frequently made 
to take apart and pack for export, and are easily erected on 
a shallow concrete wall foundation. 

Steel frame and masonry buildings. Steel frames are now 
commonly employed for all large buildings, the brickwork, 
masonry, and reinforced concrete walls, floors, and partitions 
being constructed to enclose the steel framing. (See Section 42.) 



IROX BUILDIXGS. 



45 




46 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES, 



Section 7.— WOOD FRAMING AND STRUCTURES. 

(For wood bridges see Section 5 ; wood fencing, see Section 36 ; wood 
roofs, see Section 41.) 

1-7 Junctions of crossing or right-angled timbers. 
8-10 Junctions of rafters and principals. 

11 Rafter and wall-plate or purlin. 

12 Crossing of girder and tie beam. 
13, 14 Post and girder junctions. 

15, 16 Scarfing longitudinal timbers. 
17, 18 Ditto, notched, for tensile strains. 
19-21 Scarfs with keys and bolts. 



WOOD TEAMING AND STRUCTURES. 



47 



o o 
o o 



-Hf^ 



-,lHir 



"^ f' 









^ 



12 





18 

^ ^ a ^ rfS. 



u: 



■^ ■5' "S^ 



-^ 




\7 



^ — 


JIJU 


T; 


^ — 


ll 


ll 


ii 


1 ll 


;i 


J 


Jl ' 




tIj- 


16 






r T '^ 




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'' Li- 




D_~t 








? 1 ll 




L 1 1. 




1 i J 


-i_ . .Jk. 


21 







14 



;T" 



19 

-^- If- J3^ — ^ 



:nnii 



15 



tr:i. 



E4±Ta 



■^— i-r 






48 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



22-3 Other scarf joints, keyed or notched. 

24-5 Post and girder junctions with struts and head-pieces. 

26-8 Laminated arch. (See Section 5.) 

29 Junction of rafter, purlin, and queen post. 

30 Junction of purlin, queen post, and rafter. 

31 Queen post and principal. 



WOOD FEAMING AND STRUCTURES. 



49 



22 



f^ — ?- 


'In''' 


1, LJ ,' 

^^ 


^ — ^ 



23 






li 1 ji II 1 


25 


^ 




50 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



32 Junction of principal, rafters, and king-rod in cast-iron 
sockets. 



33-4 Scarf joints. 

35-9 Matched or outside boardings. 



Buildings wholly of wood are frequently used, and in some 
cases constructed to take apart for packing for export, bolts, 
nuts, and screws being used for the disjointed parts. 



Wood pile structures. (See Sections 29, 37.) 
Wood dams and weirs. (See Section 43.) 



WOOD FRAMING AND STRUCTURES. 



51 



35 



33 



36 



37 



34- 



3d 



39 



m^^^m^i^^mmm 




52 CIVIL ENGINEERING- TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 8.— COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 

(For wood columns and struts see Section 7 ; for reinforced concrete 
columns see Section 42.) 

1-3 Cast-iron round column and base. 

4 Ditto, but cross-shaped section. 

0-7 Cast-iron H section column and foot. 

8 Cast-iron round column with stiffening ribs. 

9-11 Fluted square cast-iron column with round core. 
12-14 Wall pilaster columns. 
15, 16 Box or raised bases for cast-iron column. 

17 Steel tube column fixed in cast-iron base. 

18 Upper floor junction of cast-iron columns and steel girders. 

19 H steel column or strut. 

20 Ditto, with two plates. 
21-2 Built-up steel columns or struts. 
23 Double flat bar tie with cast-iron distance pieces. 
24-7 Built-up open steel columns or struts. 



COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 



5B 





^ 


G 


// 




P"^ 


/ 



/ 


LlJ 


o 


// 





^ 




12 



13 



14 



:: 




(^ 



5)23 



18 



| /A I IH\ ,« 




\ r^pi 



(])20 Cf 



Cj) 4 



) c 



22 



24- 



25 



^^ 



i\^ 



cF^ 




26 27 O 



54 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 
28-9 Box-form built steel columns. 

30 Double channel bar strut stiffened with cast-iron distance 

pieces. 

31 Double T and plate strut. 

32-8 Hollow or box-form steel columns for heavy loads. 

39 Cross steel strut. 

40 Double channel and H bar steel strut. 

41 Box-form steel column for heavy loading. 
42-5 Steel lattice columns. 

46 Double H steel column with cast-iron distance pieces. 



47-8 Built-up steel columns. For high-class buildings these 
and the girders and flooring are usually covered with terra- 
cotta hollow blocks, as No. 47. 



49 Box- or lattice-form steel column. 
50-1 Built lattice column. 



52-3 Column formed of four round steel bars, connected by cross- 
shaped horizontal braces. 



COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 



55 



28 29 



30 



3\ 



# # 



dU^ m> 



^r 



^= 





4-2 






o 


r\ 




t? 


^ 


4-9 








•^ 


r^ 



5 a 



51 




Kr.A 



^^l' 



52 



53 



1— - * ^V| 



-o o- 





56 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



14 Section of two box-form steel columns, joined by 
transverse plates or stays. 



55 Elevation of head of last-named. 



>6-7 Double H lattice steel-tapered column. 



(8-9 Double L steel lattice column or strut. 



60-3 Cast-iron columns. 



COLUMNS, STRUTS, AND TIES. 



57 




59 



cr—-^ 



ik 



^'^I'J^ o 



\ 5^ 



r 



r 1 






[o 'io O 0,| 


'o o o:'o| 


\ i'O o:; 
\;;o oii 

\iO 0'\ 


''O o;- / 
:;o o;;/ 
iio o:/ 


3 


'\ 




,8 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES, 



Section 9.— ANCHORAGES. 



1 Rope pulley anchor truck, which grips by sinking its wheels 
in the soil ; employed for ploughing tackle. 



2 Anchor plate, buried in the ground below a mass of masonry, 
for attaching guys, tie-rods, etc. Sometimes a frame or plate 
laid on the ground and ballasted is the method used. 



3 Screw mooring. (See Section 39.) Screwed into the ground. 



4 Heavy stone sunk in the ground and having a ring attached ; 
or a mass of concrete similarly i^laced. Used for guy ropes, 
tie-rods, and foundation bolt attachments. 



5 Grapnel. 



6 Mushroom anchor. 



7 Double fluke anchor. 



Martin's patent anchor, with swivelling flukes. Several 
other patent anchors are modifications of this. 



Anchorage for suspension bridge chains Avith rolling 
expansion bearing. 



ANCHORAGES. 



59 






60 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



10 Anchorage for suspension bridge. 

Anchored concrete roof. (See Section 42.) 
Anchored buoys and moorings. (See Section 32. 



ANCHORAGES, 



61 




62 CIVIL EXGIXEEBIXG- TYPES AXD DEVICE; 



Section 10.— CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK. 



(See also Sections 4. 5, 6. 8, 42.) 



1-6 Details of junctions of roof bracings with principal ties. 



7 Crossing of two T bars. 



8-11 Roof bracings, junctions of braces with principal ties. 



12-14 Cap of steel column. 



15-17 Roof principals, wall junctions. 



18-27 Sections of top booms of steel-braced or plate girders. 



28-30 Sections of box-form top booms of steel-plate girder: 



CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEUVORK. 



63 




[2 13 




1 


) c 


f 


( 


) c 




c 


) c 


) 


( 


) ( 


) 









18 



19 



/-> r- r\ r\ . r^^ ^^ ^^r^ — o. 



w^ "^JF^^ 



u U 

21 



Y^ ^[f= 




<34 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



SI -2 Sections of box-form top booms of steel-plate girders 



33 Section of bottom boom of braced girder, formed of four 
plates separated by distance pieces, and showing bearings for 
cross girders. 



34 Ditto, formed of two channel bars, with transverse plate stiifeners. 



35 Box-form top boom of plate girder. 



36 Section of bottom boom of braced girder with two plates 
and transverse plate stiffeners, showing suspension of cross 
plate girders. 



37^42 Sections of struts or compression members of bracing 
(See also Section 8.) 



43-4 Roof principals, column bearings. 
45 Cross section of plate girder. 
46-9 Side elevations of plate girders. 



^0-1 Junction of cross girders on bottom trough -shaped boom 
of braced girder. 



CONSTEUCTIONAL STEELWORK. 



65 





^sr 



39 



T^nr 




^37 



"IT 
J' 



38 



4-6 



^ 



47 



49 




4-0 




IT"^ iT 



4-i 42 



45 C 




ir^ 





66 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 11.— FLOORS AND PARTITIONS. 

Bridge floors. (See Section 5.) 

Reinforced concrete floors. (See Section 41.) 
1 Ordinary joist floor, boarded. 
2-3 Floor boardings, various types. 

4 Double boarding. 

5 Parquet, cement or asphalt on boarding. 



6 Wood brick floor bedded on sand or asphalt, on close 
boarding. 



7 Girder and joist floor, boarded. 



8 Cross section of last-named. 



9 H steel joists and concrete floor, covered with asphalt, wood 
bricks, cement, stone slabs, or tiles, bedded on cement. 



10 Ditto, covered with concrete, stone, or slate slabs. 

11 Ditto, brick arches, and concrete floor, finished either in cement, 

tiles, etc. 



FLOOES AND PARTITIONS. 



67 



m^^mrMm^^mm^m 



//y///-^^^^^N^y////A^\^\^r//^/4^^\\\^^//y//A\\v^ 



m///mmmm^;m^m^mmm;^.. 



O 



ll 



T T T 



10 



X ~T r 



68 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES 



12 H steel joists and concrete with flat soffit to take a plaster 
ceiling ; coverings may be as No. 9. 



13 Reinforced concrete floor on H steel joists. (See Sect. 41.) 

14 H steel joists with concrete arches and any covering, as No. 9. 



15 Ditto, with hollow brick arches and concrete and any covering, 
as No. 9. 



16 Ditto and concrete on iron cross bars. 



17, 18 Sections of ditto. 



19-21 Similar floor, but with channel-shaped earthenware bearers 
on steel cross bars. 



22 H steel joists with concrete filling, covered with wood boarding 
on crossed strips. 



23 Ditto, connected by diagonal bars with concrete filling ; any 
covering, as No. 9. 



24 Ditto, carrying on their bottom flanges concrete slabs supporting 
an ordinary wood joist and boarded floor, as No. 1. 



25 L (or H) bar joists filled between by arches formed of inter- 
locked hollow bricks ; coverings may be of any kind, as No. 9. 
Ceilings below formed of ceiling strips and plaster. 









FLOOES AND PARTITIONS, 



69 



12 



X 



IS 



-^^^ 



"W~ 



14. 



»5 



^^SH^^^ 



16 



17 18 



i 



^J L * 1 CT w m p) (n( i-J. i. .11 



19 



20 



21 



I 



J,^^/a./^^A\ 



/g\/^\ \:ii3fcij 



22 



ti3 


- -ksf 




la 


"M 


1^ 


bM 


Lil 


















= 










23 












24 



a T H s 



f 



i 



25 



i^\\ II Av« A\ 



PI|l][f¥|Pl 



70 cj\'u. exCtIxeeeixCt types axd devices. 



26 H steel joists r / " TTween by hollow brick lumps serrated on 
judci'side ici : - -^ and covered with concrete and any finish, 
as No. 9. 



2 1 Ditto, filled with flat arches of t<^gle-jointed arch bricks ; any 
coYerin.^, as Xo. 9. 



::::. flat arches of hollow arch bricks, and concrete or other 
coverin.^. 



29 Steel trough floor see Section 5), filled with concrete in 
which wood floor strips are bedded to take wood boarding, as 
Nos. 2. 3. 



30 Another form of ^o. 28. 

31 Close wood joisting, tongned below for ceding plaster. 
Peirtitions. Se^ Sei::: on 2, Xos, 35, 36, and Section 41.) 
Brick partitions : r^ nsnally of half brick or brick on edge, in 



Ordinary partitions are of wood scantlings covered with lath 
and plaster, matched-boarding, fibrons plaster slabs, lath and 
cement, etc. 



FLOORS AND PARTITIONS. 



71 



26 



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Z7 


lUMiMiii 


28 


i^eiE^eeel 


29 


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3/ 






72 CIVIL ENGINEERING a?YPES AND DEVICES. 
Section 12.— ROOF COVERINGS. 

Thatch. Formed of reeds laid on a bed of straw and fastened down 
by ash spears, galvanized wires, etc. 

Slates. Laid on laths or close boarding, made in many sizes, 
secured by zinc or copper nails, and unprotected places covered by 
lead or zinc flashings. 

Tiles. Hollow (pan) or flat ; concrete tiles ; secured usually by 
fillets on the underside, which hook on to wood laths. 

Wood shingles. Split boards laid to lap as slates, sometimes held 
down by stones, but usually nailed down to boards, laths, or purlins. 

Boarding. Various sections, as Nos. 1-3, Section 11, tarred or 
covered with tarred canvas, " rubberoid " sheeting, tarred felt, 
" Willesden " paper, sheet zinc, or lead. 

Concrete (reinforced) with wire or expanded steel netting. (See 
Section 41.) 

Glass, in frames or as glass slates. 

Galvanized corrugated steel. (See Section 6.) 

Galvanized flat sheets laid on boarding. Zinc or copper sheets. 

Section 13.— ROADS AND STREETS. 

1 Macadam road, consists of rough stone base about 1 foot deep, 

with a 6 in. layer of broken stone and a little fine ballast ; 
rolled down by heavy roller. 

2 Tarmac road ; similar to No. 1, but the upper surface is saturated 

with coal tar. 

3 Wood brick paved road, laid on asphalt, above 9 in. to 1 ft. 

of concrete. 

4 Granite cubes, laid on concrete or hard rolled rough broken 

stone. 

* 

5 Gravel road, formed of 3 in. of gravel on broken- stone base, 

for light traffic. 

6 Tramway road. (See Section 23.) 

Asphalt roads are formed of l4 to 2 in. of Limmer or Yal 
de Travers or other natural asphalt on concrete base. 



ROADS AND STREETS. 



7S 




n Iff I m 1 1 I I 



2?^^^ 



74 Crrn. EyGtN-EEEIXG TYPE? A^ri DEVICES. 

Section 14.— ROLLED IRON .AND STEEL B.ARS, 
PLATES, Etc. USED IN CONSTRL'CTION. 

lie ~." " . '.TT^^'g ricHicrizi'Li zeliie czi_7 ro sich msiterials as 
are require! in coELnexion with niaiciiiiiery or mecliaiiical 
consfcractioiis, and axe intended to supply particiilaFS of the 
dimensioiis of the maniifactiired or tslw material, giiriiig the 
sections mannfaetiired and the limiits as to size airailahle for 
incorporation in any design under considepation. 

Rolled iron and steel bars ;.:-e mannfactnred as helow : — 

Rounds, ±jm. ^ io 7f in. diameter and np to 18 ft. long. 

Squares. :z jm A to 6 in. square, and np to 18ft long. 

Flats, ii :_i * to 14 in. wide, and np to 18 ft long. 

L iron sections t i^sie from fhyfin.nptol4liy3f in., 
or to 12^ Tn T :: t5 ::ii eqnal or nneqnal flanges, and np 
to 80 ft long; : :_ r. ohtnse, and ronnd angled sections 

are not "osoally ^ : : : _ ^ '. 

T irons, from 1 hy 1 in. np to 12 united inches, or to 
9 bx 4 in-s and up to 30 ft. long. 

Rolled girder iron. :_ _! ? :z ! t :: -- iz. 'tt ' " 10 in. 

Zore girders. : -m 8 to 8 in. deep, and to 21 :: i-^ 

Channel iron. : : zi f to 12 in. wide, and to 25 ft long. 

Convex iron, from 1 to 6 in. iride, and np to 20 ft long. 

Cope iron. : :zi 1 to 4 in. wide, and to 20 ft long. 

1 Half-round iron, irom i^ to 1 in. wide, and to 20 ft. long. 

'1 Funnel ring iron, from 8i hy A in- to 8 hy A in. wide, and 
up to 18 ft. long. 

5 Jackstay iron. 

4 Half round groove irorL 

-5 Double-headed rail. - ! :: j! ::. long. 

6 Flanged rail. 

7 Bridge rail. 

^ Bulb angle iron. 
Bulb girder iron, 
i: Bulb angle iron. 



ROLLED IRON AND STEEL BARS 



75 



o ../=^ JX ^ 




JnL 







10 



12 



<5 cb 



15 



1^ 




16 



18 



19 



20 




23 24 25 



26 





9 

o 



13 



%-^. SV3 



17 



21 22 

n 



I 



27 



k 



76 CIA'IL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

11 Bulb web plate. 

12 Column iron. 

13 Tram plate. 

14 Ditto. 

15 Tramway rail. 
16-18 Firebar iron. 

19 Double angle iron. 

20 Cross iron. 
21-3 Casement bars. 

21 Fire bearer iron. 

25 Octagon iron. 

26 Hexagon. 

27 Tyre bar. 
28-9 Bevelled flat iron. 

30 Trough iron. Used for bridge flooring, fire-proof floors, etc. 

31 Double convex iron. 
32-3 Tramplate iron. 
34-5 Chair or sleeper iron. 
36 Oval iron. 
37-9 Round edged flats. 

40 Segment round iron. 

41 Round edged convex iron. 

42 Bevelled flat iron. 

43 Bevel edge flat iron. 

44 Bevelled flat iron. 

45 Round edged hollow convex iron. 

46 Taper edged hollow convex iron. 

47 Boiler tube expansion ring iron. 

48 Moulded flat bar. 

In addition to the above, iron ornamental mouldings are 
rolled Tvith moulded and relief ornaments in bars, from 
f to 2f in. wide, and np to 16 or 18 ft. long. Also plain 
mouldings similar in sections to those used in joinery. 



EOLLED IRON AND STEEL BARS. 



77 




78 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Plates (iron and steel) are manufactured from i to f in. thick 
ordinary. Thicker plates are rolled to order up to 20 in. 
thick. 

Stocked sizes of ordinary plates are 4 by 2 ft. up to 14 ft. by 
4 ft. 6 in. 

Strips from 7 to 22 in. wide, and up to 30 ft. long. 

Chequered plates, with diamond, oval, or square recessed 
patterns, are made 6 by 2 ft. up to 8 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. 

Sheets, plain, in thicknesses from No. 10 w.g. to No. 36 w.g., 
and from 6 by 2 ft. to 10 by 4 ft. 

Corrugated sheets, plain or galvanized, from No. 16 to 
No. 26 w.g., and from 6 by 2 ft. to 9 by 2 ft. 

Tinned sheets, same as above. 

Cold rolled sheets ,, ,, 

Planished sheets „ ,, 

Lead-coated sheets ,, „ 

Tin plates, terne plates, 14 by 20 in., 17 by 12i in., 15 by 
11 in., 14 by 10 in., 24 by 20 in., 28 by 10 in., 28 by 20 in. 

Hoops, f to 7 in. wide, and from No. 8 to No. 24 w.g. 

49 Ribbed plate or tram plate. 

50 Trough plate for flooring bridges, etc. 

51 Round iron. 

52 Square iron. 

53 Flat bar iron. 
54-8 Angle irons. 

59 Rolled joists. 

60 Fore girder. 

61 Round angled L iron. 
62-3 Tee iron. 

64 Channel iron. 
65-6 Tyre iron. 

Iron and Steel Plates. — It is essential to possess some knowledge 
of what sizes and weights are obtainable at ordinary prices, because it 
is frequently desirable to utilize the largest available, in order to save 
the cost of making joints. Frequently joints are made by riveting, 
not because they are wanted at all, but simply because they cost less 
than single plates would do. Information of this kind is only to be 



ROLLED lEON AND STEEL BARS 



79 



54- 



51 52 




a 



55 56 





53 



57 



L 



59 



6,0 





bb 62 



63 



IU\(±^ 



66 



80 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES, 



obtained from the price lists of the iron and steel manufacturers, 
which are supplied to the trade. 

The meaning of " maximum dimensions " is thus : Taking a li in. 
plate, for example, the maximum dimensions of which are given in 
a list as 40 ft. in length by 10 ft. in Avidth, it is not possible to get 
a plate measuring 40 by 10 ft., for that would make a united area of 
400 ft., and the list limit is 150 ft. area. But the area can be taken 
out either in length or in width, within the limiting length of 40 ft. 
and width of 10 ft. The maximum area divided by any length in feet 
not exceeding the maximum, luill give the maximum loidth for tliat 
length ; and the maximum area divided by any luidth in feet not 
exceeding the maximum, tuill give the maximum length for thaticidth. 
Thus, 150 ft. area divided by the maximum length, i.e. 40, gives 
3 ft. 9 in. width of plate. Or 150 ft. divided by the maximum width, 
i.e. 10, gives 15 ft. length of plate. And for anything over these 
maximum dimensions special quotations have to be made. But no 
plate can be rolled to contain the greatest length and the greatest 
width at the same time. 

Again, in reference to " extras ", many points have to be borne in 
mind. Thus, as regards shajje, any departure from the rectangular 
form is an extra, as tapered plates, sketches, i.e. any irregular outlines, 
and also circles. The extra, under this head, may be about 25s. per 
ton. As regards thickness, plates under ^ in. thick are an extra, rated 
at from 10s. to 20s. per ton more. As regards loidth and length, 
quite special terms are made, amounting to 6s. perhaps on each 3 in., 
a serious item. And as regards loeight, steel plates over about 40 cwt. 
are charged extra, at the rate of about 5s. per 5 cwt. 

To give examples : The Steel Company of Scotland roll steel 
plates from tV to 1^ in. thick, and from an area in the first case 
of 30 ft. to 150 ft. in the latter. The thicknesses advance by thirty - 
seconds in thickness up to tV in., by sixteenths up to i in., and by 
eighths up to li in. The following table will give an idea of their 
limiting sizes, which may be taken as fairly typical of steel plates in 
general. It will be seen that I have included only a few of the 
thicknesses named above. 









Maximum. 




. 




Thickness. 


Length. 


Width. 


Area. 


Thickness. 


Length. 


Width. 


Area. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


^ 


22 


5 


50 


1 


40 


9 3 


140 


1 


33 


6 3 


90 


1 


40 


10 


150 


f 


38 


7 4 


100 


li 


40 


10 


150 


i 


40 


8 3 


no 


li 


40 


10 


150 



ROLLED IRON AND STEEL BARS. 



81 



David Colville & Sons roll plates from i to 1^^ in. in thickness 
with an area of 80ft. in the first and 140ft. in the last; other sizes 
intermediate. But by special arrangement plates i in. thick can be 
rolled to 140 ft. area, and l^in. of 170 ft. Thirty hundredweight is 
the limit of weight in ship plates, and 40 in boiler plates. Plates 
up to Gi tons weight each can be rolled at special prices. It is 
impossible to roll plates exactly to weight, and it is usual to allow 
a deviation of from 2^ to 5 per cent over weight for boiler plates, and 
under or over for ordinary plates. 

The Parkhead Steel Works roll xV in. plates to a maximum area of 
36 ft., i in. plates to 70 ft., i in. plates of 110 ft., | in. plates of 140 ft., 
1 in. plates of 150 ft., and li -in. plates of 150 ft. area. The limiting 
weights are 20 cwt. for ship plates, and 40 cwt. for boiler plates. 
Above these 5s. per 5 cwt., or part of the same, is charged. 

The Weardale Iron and Coal Comi^any roll steel plates from ^ to 
1^ in. thick, with a maximum area of 60 ft. in the first, and 120 ft. in 
the second ; 30 ft. is the maximum length, and 8 ft. the maximum 
width. Circular plates are also rolled from 5 ft. 6 in. diameter of 
\ in. thick, to 8 ft. 6 in. diameter in 1^ in. thick. All ordinary 
thicknesses, also intermediate betAveen these, are rolled. 

The limiting weights and dimensions of the steel plates of Bolckow, 
Vaughan & Co. are 18 cwt. 80 sq. ft. in area, 23 ft. in length, and 
between 12 and 60 in. in width. Extras are, for every hundredweight, 
or part of the same, above 18 cwt., 10s. ; for every foot, or part of 
a foot, above 23 ft. in length, 5s. ; for every square foot above 
80 sq. ft.. Is. 

John Brown & Co., Sheffield, roll steel plates from i to li in. in 
thickness. A few selected thicknesses are given below. 



Thickness. 


Length. 


Width. 


Area. 


Thickness. 


Length. 


Width. 


Area. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 




30 


6 


72 


% 


40 


9 6 


180 


i 


35 


6 9 


120 


1 


40 


9 6 


180 


^ 


40 


8 


130 


li 


40 


9 6 


180 



Circubir and square })latos of the sanu^ thicknesses can W i-oIKhI 
as follows : — 



Thickness. 


Diameter. 


Square. 


Thickness. 


Diameter. 


Squari'. 


in. 
k 


ft. in. 

(; (; 

7 

8 3 


f(. in. 
() G 

7 

8 3 


in. 
2 
1 

l.i 


fl. in. 
10 () 

10 t; 

10 ('. 


ft. in. 

;» \) 

".) 9 
9 9 



so CBTL Z^'CTIXEEEIXCT TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

The Dalzell Steel Works of David Colville & Sons make a difference 
in the extras ia the case of steel boiler and of ship plates. Ordinary 
prices are charged to 84 id. wide in boiler plates, bnt to 72 in. only in 
ship plates. Above that they charge 5s. per ton for every 3 in., or 
jyskii of 3 ia. So iQ Ts-eight, 40 cwt. is the limit for boiler plates, and 
30 cwt. for ship plates : over those 5s. per ton is charged for every 
5 cwt.. or i)art of 5 cwt. Circular plates for boiler ends and crowns 
are roUed by David Colville & Sons, who supply at ordinary prices 
the following : f in. thick, 9 ft. 10 iu. diameter : xi in-, 9 ft. 6 in. : 
f in., 9 ft. : and A m., 8 ft. 6 iu. 

As a sample of the usual limiting sizes of iron plates, I give the 
following : It consists of a few selected Snedshill plates rolled by the 
LUleshall Company, one of the most favourably known Shropshire 
houses. They roU icon sheets and boder plates from rr to 1 in. ia 
thickness, advancing by thirty-seconds to 1%^ in., and by sixteenths 
to 1 in. 



Z-:>r.ss. 


Lengih. 


Widjh. 


Ares.. 


- ::V::e.. 


L-f-. 


W:-h. 


Ares. 


in. 


ft. in. 


ft. in. 


ft. 


^-- 




::. in. 


ft. 


1 


30 


5 





- 




6 


80 


f 


30 


5 6 


7 


i 


1 80 


6 


80 


i 


30 


6 


8 


1 


} 30 


6 


80 



It will be observed that the limiting sizes of iron are much less 
than those of steel. 

The Butterly Company roU both iron and steel plates. The limiting 
weights and dimensions are as follows : For iron boiler quahty, 8 cwt., 
above that the extra prices are 20s., lOs., 60s., 80s. respectively, from 
8 to 10 cwt., 10 to 12 cwt., 12 to II cwt., and II to 16 cwt. respectively. 
For bridge quahty 10 cwt. is the hmit, and extras are 20s. and lOs., 
from 10 to 12 cwt., and from 12 to 16 cwt. respectively. Area 60 ft., 
and for every 10 ft. or part above that, 20s. ; length 25 ft. : width 
I ft. 6 in. : over those vai-ions extras, ranging from 20-s-. to 80s. 

Wire : of various sections, manufactured in hard iron, soft 
iron, soft steel, hard steel, tempered steel, piano wire, covered wire 
(wound with either cotton, sdk, gutta-percha, flax, etc.), or copper 
wire. Also brass, copper, lead, zinc, and other metal wire, hard or 
soft: tinned iron wire, galvanized iron wire, tinned brass wire, 
copi)ered iron wire, lead-coated iron wire. 

Pipes and tubes of wrought iron, either butt or lap welded, or 
sohd drawn, are made in four quahties or strengths : (l) gas tube ; 
(2) steam or water tube ; (3) boiler flue tube : (l) hydrauhc 
tube. These are manufactured from i to 3 in. internal diameters : 



EOLLED IRON AND STEEL BARS. 88 

boiler flue tubes to 9 in. diameter, but much larger sizes can be 
made to order. 

Solid drawn steel tubes are made up to 10 in. diameter ; larger 
sizes are made to order. 

Special steel or wrought-iron pipes, flanged with L iron, are 
made up to 4 ft. diameter with welded joints, and welded steel or 
wrought-iron socket and spigot pipes up to 24 ft. diameter. 

Cast-iron pipes are made in the following strengths : — Rain-water 

pipes, hot-water pipes, gas mains, water mains, hydraulic mains for 
high pressure, and the thicknesses of metal vary according to the 
pressures. Diameters from l|in. up to 4 ft., and lengths usually 
6 and 9 ft. 

Castings are made in cast iron of various mixtures, according to 
strength, toughness, or hardness required, and of any weight up 
to 20 tons. Chilled-iron castings are made for hard wear, as in 
crusher rolls, etc., but cannot be machined ; they are usually 
ground smooth by a grindstone or emery wheel. 

Steel castings are made in either Bessemer, Siemens - ^lartin, 
Thomas-Gilchrist, or in crucible steel, the latter being most relied 
upon. They require annealing to soften them sufliciently for 
machining. 

Wrought-iron castings, Mitis metal, etc., are also obtainable, but 
malleable cast-iron castings are most relied upon for toughness, the 
process having now attained great perfection, but is not u])plicable 
to very thick castings. 

Pressed iron or steel forgings of simple forms are now obtainable 
at low prices. Also drop foi-ged ai-ticles of almost any shapes. 

Forgings in wrought iron and steel can now be made to almost an>' 
size, shape, and weight, and are replacing many structures formerly 
made of cast iron or built up. 

Other metals cmploycid are coppci-, bi'ass, tin, zinc, |)lu)si)hoi' 
bronze, lead, antimony, bismutli, ju'wlcr. Muni/, iiictal, ahiniiuimii. 
sodium, potassium, platinum, gold, silver, iiickcl, aiul a. gin^ai 
variety of tin; bi-onzes, which aw. va.luaJ)l(' compounds \ai'\ ing in 
tenacity and Inudness IVoiii tiic hardest stci^l to that ol' soft copper. 
Most of th(> ahove a,re niaiiul'aciuicd into wire, sheets, tubes, rods, 
etc., a,n(l caji in addition he cast into an> form from a erucilile. 
CopiH'i' can l)e foi'gcMl hut not \\('hle(l ; joints in it ar(> generaii> 
bi-azed oi- sohlered. 



84 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 15. — MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 
OTHER THAN IRON AND STEEL. 

Timber. Yellow, white, and red pine in logs, deals, and battens ; 
logs up to about 3 ft. diameter by 35 to 40 ft. long ; deals, 9 in., 
10 in., and 11 in. wide, and from 1^ to 4 in. thick — battens and 
scantlings of all sizes smaller than deals — a few wide deals are 
imi3orted up to 22 in. wide. Spruce and fir, sycamore, pear-tree, 
willow, poplar, etc. 

India-rubber, manufactured into sheets, with or without canvas 
insertion of single, double, or treble thickness, up to 36 in. wide 
and to 2 in. thick ; cord i to 1 in. diameter ; tubes, plain, or with 
canvas insertion or wire coiled inside or outside, from i to 4 in. 
bore usually in 30 and 60 ft. lengths. Washers, rings, rollers, 
strips, belts, and moulded articles of every form. 

Gutta-percha is manufactured into similar articles. 

Leather. Most of the varieties are manufactured from the skins of 
oxen, sheep, goats, deer, horses, dogs, hogs, and seals, and the 
larger skins are divided into butts, shoulders, cheeks, and bellies, 
the dimensions depending of course upon the size of the animals. 
Ox hides are the largest and kid skins the smallest in general use. 

For mechanical purposes ox hide, raw or tanned, is chiefly used, 
as for valves, seatings, belts, piston leathers, etc. Sheep skins 
can be obtained either strained, half-strained, or unstrained ; the 
first are hard and comparatively stiff, the last-named soft and 
pliable as cloth. Other soft varieties are goats' skins and chamois 
leather. There are many imitations of leather, but they are rarely 
employed in mechanical constructions. 

Vulcanized fibre is often used for similar purposes to leather, as 
for valves, seatings, joints, etc. It is made in two varieties, medium 
and hard, and in sheets up to 1 in. thick. 

Ebonite. A hard, black, horny substance, moulded into any required 
shape. 

Papier mache. Solid paper, moulded from pulp into any required 
form. 



MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION. 85 

Asbestos, in sheets, cord, packing of various sections, loose fibre, 
millboard, etc. 

Ivory, from tusks and teeth. 

Bone. 

Vegetable ivory ; nuts about the size of eggs. 

Packings for glands, etc., are made of cotton, hemp, and other 
fibres, asbestos, india-rubber, etc., in round, square, and other sections. 



86 CrS^IL ENGINEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES, 



Section 16.— RETAINING WALLS. 



(See also Sections 17. 29. 31. 42.) 



1 Retaining wall with cambered face and footing founded 
on concrete. 



2 Surcharged retaining wall ; otherwise as Xo. 1. 

3-5 Ditto, arched in plan. 

6 Vertical retaining wall with counterforts. 

7-8 Plans of ditto with buttresses or counterforts on face. 

9 Ditto with diagonal anchor ties. 



EETAINING WALLS. 



87 






^Y~f^^^™%-^ 



y^ 



::^— -^^. 





88 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



10 Piles and planking with anchor ties. 

11 Piles, walings, and sheet piling, with or without anchor 

ties. 

12 Railway cutting with retaining walls, strutted across by 

cast-iron or steel girder struts. 

13 Retaining wall to support upper strata. 

14 Masonry bridge with wing retaining walls. 

15 Plan of wing walls. 

16 Retaining bank formed of clay and fascines. 

17 Vertical retaining wall with diagonal anchor ties. 



RETAINING WALLS. 



89 




90 CIVIL ZXl^IXEERIXCt TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



IS. 19 Masonry bridge to carry a road over a railway. The plan 
shovrs two forms of splayed wing walls to support the 
embankment of roadway. 



RETAINING WALLS, 



91 




92 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



Section 17.— RAILWAYS, EARTHWORKS. 

1 Railway embankment on level ground. 

2 Ditto, on sloping ground. 

3 Ditto, ditto, with retaining wall. 

4 Ditto, ditto, with pitched water-side slope. 

5 Trenched toes to an embankment to prevent slipping. 

6 Embankment founded on mattresses or fascines on a 

peat base. 

7 Embankment across a mud bank. The embankment 

sinks into the mud and raises it on both sides until an 
equilibrium is attained. 

8 Embankment constructed from a "borrow" pit. 

9 Embankment supported by retaining walls on both 

faces, with or without cross tie-rods. 

10 Earth drains laid in a bank in wet situations. 

11 Railway cutting in level ground. 

12 Ditto, in inclined rocky strata. 

13 Ditto, in sloping ground. 

14 Ditto, in level rock strata. 

15 Cut and cover cutting in rocky strata. 

16 Ditto, in soft ground, with retaining walls and girder super 

cover. 

17 Cutting in ground with upper strata rock and under strata 

soft. The latter kept up by retaining walls, supported where 
necessary by invert arches. 

18 Cutting in sloping ground with surface catch drains above 

the cutting. 



RAILWAYS. 



93 




94 CIVIL EXGIIS^EERIXG TYPES AIS^D DEVICES. 

19 Cutting as cut and cover on steep slope liable to landslides 

or boulders. 

20 Bench cutting in cliff face. Soft strata are held up by 

a retaining wall and a parapet wall built on outer edge. 

21 Ditto Avitli outer wall and parapet. 

22 Face tunnel in rock cliff with side openings. 

23 Bench cutting and retaining wall. 

24 Cutting with retaining wall to hold up loose upper soil. 

25 Retaining wall to support upper rock strata. 

26 Bench cutting protected by a snow shed. 

27 Road crossing under an embanked railway. The road to be 

lowered to provide sufficient headway. 

28 Benched out toes for foot of an embankment of soft earth. 

29 Trenches or surface drains on the slope of a cutting, with 

masonry foot drain to keep the slope dry. 

30-1: Sections of side drains for cuttings. 

35 Embankment across a marsh, laid on mattresses or fascines 

with a core of dry material. 

36 Embankment over ground subject to floods. 



RAILWAYS. 



95 






3A- 




35 



36 



-^-^:^=^,.<^ 



96 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 
Section 18.— RAILWAYS: PERMANENT WAY. 

(Tramways. Permanent Way, see Section 23.) 

1 Single line sleeper road on embankment. 

2 Double head rails on chairs and sleepers. 

3 Flanged rails spiked to sleepers. 

4 Ditto, on bearing plates spiked to sleepers. 

5 Ditto, on steel sleepers. 

6 Ditto, on flat bar sleepers. 

7 Ditto, ditto, ttirned up at the ends. 

8 Ditto, on longitudinal sleepers, with transverse timbei*s and 

tie bolts. 

9 Ditto, on plates and sleepers, canted inwards to correspond 

with the cone angle of the wheel tyres. 

10 Double head rail and guard rail in one chair. 

11 Flanged rail on a dished plate with flat bar cross tie. 

12 Wood guard rail to a flanged rail. 
13-16 Rail spikes and bolts. 

17 Flanged rails on plates and embedded stones, concrete 

blocks, or a longitudinal concrete bed. 

18 Street tramway. (See Section 23.) 

19 Sleeper railway laid between stone side walls and drains. 

^■20 Mountain rack railway with horizontal rack and steel 
sleepers, usually anchored as Xo. 23. 



EAILWAYS. 



97 



M^^ 



I ^ 



^^s 



2\ 



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10 



^ 



.^Vn»^:^ 



(P^^O 






l'?^-^^^(?-l 



17 



18 



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A^:^»a^ 



31:3 



r^mi I I I I I I I I M I I I W T^TT 



-?v 



J9 



a3Ef^ 






zr 



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E 



20 




:^ 



^^? 




S) 



ffte 



d^ 



I 



16 



13 14- 15 




21 



jmnnrnjL/ 




98 CIVIL EXGINEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

21, 21« Mountain rack railway with central triple vertical racks ; 
steel sleepers bolted down to a masonry permanent bed or 
anchored as Xo. 23. 

22 Street tramway for overhead trolly system. (See Section 23.) 

23 Mode of anchoring mountain rack railway permanent 

way to masonry bed. 

24 Flanged rail and bearing plate. 

25 Double head rail on steel sleeper with steel chair and 

wood key. 

26 Flanged rail with combined chair and fishplate. 

27 Ditto, with coach screw, spike or bolt fastening to wood sleeper. 

28 Flanged rail on longitudinal steel sleeper. 

29 Bridge rail on ditto. 

30 Saddle rail on longitudinal V timber sleeper. 

31 Barlow rail. 

32 Double head rail with splayed sleeper plates. 

33 Flanged rail with combined chair and fishplate. 
31 Double head rail with ditto. 

35 Double head rail and fishplate, ordinary section. 



RAILWAYS. 



99 



2ia 




22 



28 



29 



/T^ ^ ^ 





25 






'CU'"'^ 








33 






34 




35 




100 CB'IL lyCTlXEEEIXCT TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



36 Double head rail m c-ent flat bar chair. 

87 Flanged rail on bearing plate. 

38 Anchorag^e for railway ::: :-. steep incline. 

39 Centre grip rail for steep inclines. 

40 Single line turnout. 

41 Single line double sv»-itch turnouts. 

42 Double line single turnouts and crossings. 

48 Double line double switch turnouts and crossings. 



RAILWAYS. 



101 




102 CIVIL z: 



Cross-over to double line. 



D o u . e \TOink tivci snd enis^i^^ 



td Crossings oi s:r.F.e iine^ — -ili rwitebes. 



L^iiiiQ^ wmiL] 



Plan of s.'.itclies to slied 



50 Ditto. Tnmriip-Tr nmrM Imes^ 



RAILWAYS. 



103 








50 



104 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



I 



51 Road over a bridge. 



52 Ditto, on skew. 



53 Level crossing. 



54 Under bridge or " cattle creep ". 



55 Plan of a double line through station. 



56 Plan of a four line through station and goods sidings. 



57 Plan of a single line through station and goods sidings. 



58 Set of turntables on four lines of rails in a goods yard. 



59 Traverser table or transferrer. 



60 Buffer stop formed of double-headed rails. 



RAILWAYS. 



105 



54 







ll 



^l\] 



53 




106 CR'IL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



61-3 Buffer stops. 



61 Turntable. 



65 Section of ditto and foundation. 



66 Turntable on a hydraulic pivot. 



67 Traverser table. 



68 Section of ditto. 



In railway repair shops large po^er traversers are 

provided to move carriages under repair sideways from one line 
or workshop to another. These are driven by electric motor, 
shaftin.o-, or hand winch o'ear. 



The sector table is a traverser hinged to a pivot at one 
end, carrying one pair of rails which can he turned to connect 
with either of two lines of rail. Object : to transfer the engine 
of an arrival train to the next line of rails instead of employing 
cross-over rails, which require a considerable length of line. 






KAIL WAYS, 



107 




108 CIVIL EXGIXEEBIXG TYPIS AND I'EVIIES. 

Section 19.— RAILWAYS: SIGNALLING, TELE- 
GRAPHS. Etc. 

Signals iir :i:~^ m ; :: 1 : l_ ;:]iores by day and lamps by 
:::-_: :-.jid these aie placed at eLevatioiis at which they can be 
- tti: drivers at certain standard distances, all signal arms 

111 rii-i l^ne TX>iD tins' to xh^? li^ft. Thev r-orn-nriap : Starting 
sigiiil:. _ 11 1 illy i: liie iir— iii ^:ii ii tlr Train jilatform; 
home signals, placed near to :lir Lt i ^ii 1 i: :iiion; distant 
signals, placed abont 1,000 i - r i i t^t home signals 
(these have notched arms): il .m i : :iii£ ^gnals, placed 
abont 300 yards in front of the starting signal ; disc signals, 
for siding and goods lines. 

Hand lamps with colonied movable passes, and coloured flags 
are also nsed for casual signalling. 

Signal cabins are placed dose to the station, and in poations and 

at elevations commanding a view of all the signals and Unes. 

^ riz^- i: : lint and signal levers izi :lr s:rr.al cabin gives 

-It _:i 1. 1 1 111 1 of all the sir:: 1- ::' i::- ii the station, 

.1^.1^ i^c;.^ c^c :i::T:'-:<-"^'ed so thSii ""_' i -' 'j^'.^-mfriits of the 
or i)oint5 i: i^ : 3e made. 



Signals are operated fiizi The c-z'^hrs r-^ stt^t —re connexions 

i::::::. : r: 5:_: h _: i 1 ihr i. Points i:e operated by 

sTh: iii ::i:r-xions, either of tnbe or ch i:_h iron, mnning 

ri i::3ll guide wheels. Comjiensating le ":- :t zr-i in long 

: rods and wires to compensate ii: z i_ iii: and con- 

i: :t to temperatore. 

Gas. oil. or electric lighting := i--1:tT :i :i:r sir:::! li.:::::?. 



EAILWAYS. 109 

In fogs detonators are used by fogmen placed where they can 
receive the cabin signals ; also in some cases the men use 
miniature semaphores operated from the signal cabin, as well 
as hand lamps and flags. 

Trains carry distinctive head and rear signals in the form 
of coloured plates by day and at night lamps, to indicate the 
destination of the train, and every train carries a white light in 
front and a red one in rear to warn other trains as to its 
position on the line. 

Telephones are also used for communication from signal cabins 
to other signal cabins and their stations. 

Telegraphs connect all signal cabins with each other, by which the 
movements of trains are telegraphed ahead, and there are special 
telegraph devices by which the proper working of the signals can 
be confirmed to the signalman though he may not be able to 
see the signals themselves. 

Other telegraphic devices connect with and in some cases 
control the working of trains in goods yards and certain -locking 
devices. 



110 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



Section 20.— RAIL\^^AYS: STATIONS. 

Plans of stations are always adapted to the site and circum- 
stances ; no general plans can be of any service. The following 
are details of o'eneral interest :- — 



1 Section of railway platform with stone coping and asphalt 

or paved siu'face. 



2 Ditto, of wood planking on a sleeper wall. 

3 Ditto, of sleepers edged with L iron. 

4 Ditto, of rolled joists and concrete with timber coping. 

5. 6 Low platforms, much used in America and Eiu'ope. 

7 Platform of wood for a station on an embankment. 

8 Water crane. 

9 Type section of a small goods shed. 

10 Ditto of a small engine shed with inspecting pit. 



RAILWAYS, 



111 




112 cB'n. exgixzz?.i\'Ct types axd devices. 



11 Plan of circular engine shed for eleven engines \nth 

central t n _: /.-. 

12 Plan of rectangular engine shed in'. ::nnn --. 

13 Repairing or inspection pits in rnrlnr 'n:n=r~ m! ::n:':ne 

14 Hydraulic lifting table. n=rri in in-einin ^i:? i:r i^nnoYing 
1-5 Hydraulic or power capstan. n=e:'. ::r ii:-Iinr — :::n: :ni 



i 



E AIL WAYS. 



113 




114 CIVIL EXGIXEEBIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



16 Body lifting machine, used in carriage repair shops: consists 
of four standards with vertical screws and jaws driven 
simultaneously by undergTound shafting. A similar machine, 
but with overhead shafting and hand-rope pulley, is sometimes 
employed ; also an overhead traveller with four lifting chains. 



1 / Snow or boulder shed, to protect a line from avalanche: 
or falling stones. 



IS Another form of the last-named. 



19 Under syphon to carry a water or gas main under a railway. 



EAILWAYS, 



115 




116 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 21. ^RAILWAYS: TUNNELS AND 
CULVERTS. 

(See also Section 3.) 

1 Section of tunnel in hard rock. 

2 Ditto, in rock, with arched head, the upper part not being safe 

to stand alone. 

3 Ditto, where only the lower strata are hard enough to stand 

without support. 

4 Ditto, with the upper part hard rock and side walls carried up to 

the rock. 

5 Ditto, in soft soils, lined throughout and with invert arch. 

6 Elliptical arch tunnel for two lines of rail. The above are 

the types generally in use, but there are numerous variations 
of these sections in iise in difierent countries. 

7 Double tunnel for two lines of railway or two carriage roads, 

with connecting openings. Double tunnels are, however, 
generally driven separately in the same way as single ones, but 
with connecting headings at intervals. 

8 Iron tube tunnel, circular, with large diameter section to 

provide space for a station i3latform, etc. 

9 Tunnel or subway for sewers and pipe mains. 



10-15 Sections showing mode of driving a tunnel in soft ground 
by headings. This is the ordinary method employed, but in 
different strata several other systems are in use. 



EAILWAYS. 



117 




118 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



16, 17 Belgian and German methods of tunnel clriv 



me-. 



18 Concrete or masonry culvert. 



19 Oval culvert in concrete or masonry. 



20 Simple rough stone culvert. 



21 Pipe culvert, earthenware or concrete. 



22 Arch and invert culvert. 



23 Arch top concrete culvert. 



24 Large culvert constructed as an underbridge, with wing walls. 



25 Circular concrete culvert. 



26 Section of railway embankment with culvert under, 



27 Tube tunnel of cast iron in sections. 



RAILWAYS, 



119 




Fs^ 




19 




Id 



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I 




22 



2Q> 21 

s o 




23 



24- 



25 






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k\\\\\\\\VSxsV^\V.\V\\\\\\\V\\v.\\\V\ VAV.VV'>VV-' 




120 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 22.— CARRIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK 
FOR ROAD AND RAIL. 

(See also Tramways, Section 23.) 

The design and details of these must always be suited to circum- 
stances. We only propose here to indicate the various types of 
under-framing and wheels in use, and to give sketch sections of bodies 
or cars for different purposes. 

UNDER-FRAMES. 

1 Two-wheel suspension car for single rail or wire rope, 
used commonly on some kinds of cranes. (See Section 18.) 

2-5 Three-wheel cars. See also the various types of tricycles 
in use. 

6-9 Various forms of four-wheel under-frames, with and 
without swivelling bogies. 

A car with four wheels arranged as No. 9, but with the 
leading and trailing wheels slightly raised off the ground, is 
used as a goods car or hand truck, and is very readily swivelled 
about, running, of course, actually on three wheels only. 

10 Five- wheel under-frame, with and without swivelling bogies. 

11, 12 Plans of six-wheel cars, with swivelling gear for curves ; 
the centre pair having end play, swivel the leading and trailing 
axles by means of the jointed stays. 

13 Plan of four-wheel car, with swivelling gear for curves. 

14-16 Six- wheel cars, the latter with leading and trailing 
swivelling bogies. 



CAERIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK. 



121 




122 Cn'IL EXGIXEZEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



17 Ten- wheel truck, with two bogies and sliding middle axle. 



IS Twelve-wheel ditto, with three Ix^es, the centre one to have 
transrerse moTement on curves. 



19-2S Sections of cars for railways and tramways, with various 
arrangements of seating, etc. 



29, 30 Hopper wa^gons. 

31 Side tip car. 

32 End tip cart. 

33 End tip wagon. 



CARRIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK. 



]2P> 



17 



s:? 



f) ^0 (-9f) 



f 




20 



rat- ^a - 



18 



(^^ (^r^ & ^ 




21 




?2 




23 




iH^ 



24. 




25 

if A 



%-■ 



?6 



giH 



27 



l-± JbdL 



28 



53 



29 



3 

^3 




33 






124 CIVIL ENGINEEEINa TYPES AND DEVICES. 



34 Furniture wagon. 

35 Grafton's patent side tip wagon. 

36 Long truck for boilers, etc. 

37 Incline car for passengers. 



38 Segmental swivelling bearings, used instead of a swivelling 
bogie and centre-pin. 



39 Hudson's patent tip wagons, with three centres. 

40 Hopper wagon, with central discharge. 

41 Swivelling gear for car wheels. 



CARKIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK. 



125 



3^ 




^ 



39 




3,5 




36 






40 



ETZB 




126 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



35 Equalizing buffers and springs. 



36-8 Hopper bottom wagons for 20 to 40 tons loads on double 
bogie trucks. 



39, 40 Cross sections of two types of hopper bottom wagons. 



41 Double axles to allow of independent running of the inner 
and outer wheels around curves. 



42 Divided axle for same purpose as No. 41. 



43 Expanding (leather) vestibule to railway vestibule cars. 



44 Close buffers for made-up trains 



CAERIAGES AND ROLLING STOCK. 127 



36 



^W 



ign^ 



37 



^ T^( ) 



\ 



38 



1-^ — \ — y V — 7^ — ^^^ 



G 



o 



4-1 



42 




4-4- 



kS 



I 



Lli 



^m 



125 cn'IL EyCTlXEEEIXG- TYPE? AXD DEVICES. 
Section 23.— TRAMWAYS. 

1 Tramway permanent way, with transverse flat bar ties. 

See No. 512. 

2 Permanent way, with rails laid on longitndiDal concrete beds. 

3 Ditto, with connected concrete beds and wood, brick, or granite 

cnbe paving. 

i As last described, : ^Ith rails resting on cast-iron chairs 
: : T ill :iir concrete base. 

5 Sleeper line emoedded in concrete. 

6 Steel rope conduit line, ^th central condnit formed in 

a concrete bed ar^ Tt _ :: ines to 5npix)rt and connect the 

rails and the een:ial ^1: i^-i slot. 

7 Electric conduit line, ^th steel tnbe condnit and condnctor 

bars. 

•S Arrangement of the rope pulleys ::: a cnrve. 

9 American section of top flange rail. 

10 Saddle rail. 

11 Plan of tramway switch. 

12 Plan of tramway crossing. 

13, 14 End views of electric railway cars for both side and central 

cnrren: condtictors. 



TRAMWAYS. 



129 




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130 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



15-17 Tramway turnouts on single Lines. 



1>^ Electric railway side conductor rail wiih wood protection, 

showinff ciiiTent coUector on the carriage under-frame. 



19 Another form of i)roTected conductor rail with under contact. 



20-1 Overhead trolly wires and standards for single and double 
lines. For double lines single standards are sometimes used 
fixed between the lines in the 6 ft. wav. with two trollv anns. 



22 Three wire catenary electric trolly conductor for over 
head electric railway. 



2o Cross section of ditto. 



21-7 Varieties of trolly arms. 



TRAMWAYS. 



131 



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132 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



28 Plan of overhead wiring at a four street tramway junction. 



29 Ditto, at a street corner. 



30 Open side tramcar on short wheel base truck. 



31 Closed tramcar on radial three axle long wheel base truck 
(Barber's patent). 



32 Long tramcar on double bogie truck. 



TRAMWAYS. 



133 




32 



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134 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 
Section 24.— CANALS ; AQUEDUCTS. 

1, 2 Canal bank with clay puddle lining and earth filling. 

3 Ditto, with vertical puddle trench. 

4 Canal cut on sloping ground, the outer bank pitched with 

concrete, stone, or a clay slope. 

5 Canal lined wholly with impervious stone or other material. 

6 Canal cut in soft ground with clay puddle trenches on each 

bank, carried down to the clay or other impervious strata 
below. 

7 Canal on a bench in rock, with outer masonry wall. 

8 Canal with masonry walls on both banks. 

9 Semicircular iron canal or aqueduct in concrete or 

earth bank. 

10 Aqueduct in concrete. 

11 Circular masonry aqueduct on concrete base. 

12 Circular concrete aqueduct or drain in an earthen 

embankment. 

13 Canal tunnel with masonry lining and towing-path. 

14 Circular canal tunnel. 

15, 16, 18-21 Methods of protecting canal banks from 
erosion. 

17 Boat incline at side of a canal lock. 



CANALS. 



185 




186 CIVIL IXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



Canal overflow osed to drive a water-wheel. 



28 Canal or aqueduct carried on a girder bridge with concrete 



24 Masonr>' arched aqueduct. 

25 Series of canal locks, longitudinal section. 

26 Canal tunnelled in rock vriih towing-path. 

27 Plan of lock and stepi)ed or terraced weirs for overflow. 

2.^ Canal dredger ~i:]i discharge shoots on both banks. 

29 Canal grab dredger machine travelling on rails on a 



Cax-LtLj. i.ti-1-i.xi-. 



CANALS. 



137 




138 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES 



30 Canal or river dredger with discharge conveyor shoot. 



31 Canal lift, consisting of three (or more) hydraiihc cyhnders in 
wells carrying a barge float provided with water gates at 
each end. 



32 Canal lift of five pneumatic cylinders in wells ; the cylinders 
are raised by filling the Avells with water, and lowered by 
running off the water from the wells. 



Other forms of canal lift comprise incline lifts, in which 
the barge float is carried up the incline by rope or hydraulic 
haulage, or two barge floats are employed on the principle of 
the water balance lift. 



33, 34 Masonry arched aqueduct or canal. 

Water supply to a canal is obtained either from springs, 
a river, stream, or lake, or is obtained by pumping from a river 
or from wells. 



CANALS. 



139 




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140 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 25.— HEATING AND VENTILATION. 

1 Dutch cylindrical close stove. 

2 Close stove used in North of Europe. Also made in cylindrical 

form ornamented with tiles, etc. 

3 Heating system by hot water boiler, circulating pipes, and 

radiators. Steam is also similarly used instead of hot water. 
Gas radiators are filled with water and heated by Bunsen jets. 

4 Hot air furnace for a large building. The air is heated by 

circulating around the hot smoke flues. 

5 Hot water system by circulation through pipes carried round 

rooms, passages, etc. 

6 Ventilating skylight. 

7 Ventilating Louvre roof. 

8 Circular slotted glass ventilator. 
9, 10 Ventilating sash. 

11 French windows. 

12 Pedestal central heating stove. The flue is carried down 

and under the floor. 

13 Ordinary double sashes. 

14 Ventilating a room by a pilaster inlet pipe taking its air 

from outside and an upper flap opening into a flue or the 
open air. 



3 



HEATING AND VENTILATION. 



141 






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142 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

15 Ventilating fan. Usually driven by a small electric motor. 

16 Open grate and flue with air inlet from outside the building. 

17 Ventilating shaft to which flues are taken from the upper 

part of any number of apartments. 

18 Chandelier ventilation for a large hall. 

19 Ventilating flue and flap valve. 
lO External air inlet to a room. 

21 Ventilating collectors and flues between floor and ceiling. 

22 Slot and slide ventilator. 

23 Series of frieze flap ventilators for carriages, operated 

by a rod. 

24 Gas heating close cylinder stove and hot air flues led 

into the open air. 
Horizontal flues are sometimes carried round a room behind 

the skirting with gratings at intervals to supply hot air or fresh 

cold air. 
Electric stoves and heaters, usually by large incandescent 

lamps and reflectors. 
Anthracite slow combustion close stoves are much used 

for apartment or central heating, one charge of coal usually 

lasting twenty-four hours. 
Mining ventilation is either by upcast shaft and furnace, in 

conjunction with doors placed in the headings to direct the air 

current ; or by large fans driven by an engine or electric motor. 
Railway carriages are heated by steam radiators placed 

beneath the seats, or by hot water bottles. The steam is 

supplied from the locomotive. 
Gas heating by gas stoves — open or close — or by gas radiators, 

similar to Xo. 3. 
Steam heating by supply pipes and radiators sirtiilar to Xo. 3, 

the condensed water being run oft' by a return pipe. 
Steam ovens of sheet-iron in box form, having a steam space 

all round into which live steam is admitted, and from "which 

tbe condensed water is drained oft' by a tap. 
Geysers are gas Bunsen burners enclosed in a case, with water- 
spray circulated through the hot gases. 



HEATING AND VENTILATION 



148 



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144 CIVIL EXGIXEEKIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



Section 26.— PLATE WORK. 

1 Single riveted lap joint. 

2 Double riveted lap joint. 

3 Single riveted butt joint. 

4 Double butt joint. 

5 T-iron butt joint. 

6-9 Angle or edge seams. 
10 Transverse tubular seam. 
11. 12 Reducing ring seams. 



1 



PLATE WORK. 



145 




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146 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

13 Reducing ring seam. 

11-17 Bottom seams round water spaces, fire-boxes, etc. 

18 Expansion hoop joint in boiler fines, etc. 

19, 20 Fire-box stays. 

21 Gusset stay for flat ends. 

Flat bar, tube, and round iron stays are also much used to 
stay flat surfaces in boilers and tanks. 

In household boilers it is usual to weld all the seams, thus 
avoiding L iron and other riveted work. 

Flue tubes in boilers are stayed also by cross tubes inserted 
at intervals, such as Galloway's patent conical cross tubes. 

22-3 Cover plates to carry tensile strains over joints in plates, 
L irons, etc. 

21-8 Various forms of joints employed, etc., not subject to 
much strain. 

29 Junction of L or T iron and i^late. 

30 Gusset junction for L or T iron and tie bars. 

31 Mode of joining laps of four plates at corner in boiler work. 

32 Junction of flat bar and L or T iron. 



33 Dished plate seam. 



34-40 Seams employed for sheet metal work. 



PLATE WORK. 



147 




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148 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES, 



41 

■42 
43 
44 
45 J 



- Bottom seams: No. 44 is streno'thened by a thick wire ring, 



46-7 Intermediate seams, or diaphragms. 



48 Elbow seam. 



49 Folded pipe seam. 



PLATE AND BAR JOINTS. 



50 Junction of T iron, plate and T or L iron verticals. 



51 Gusset plate corner stiffener. 



52 Plate end for a tie-rod. 



53 H iron junction, as in a floor framing. 



54 Gusset plate junction for a braced framim 



55 Gusset plate junction for H girders of equal depths. 



56 Plate edge joint. The circular cover is rolled (hot or cold) 
down over the thickened edges of plates. 

(See also Sections 5, 6, 10, 14.) 



PLATE WORK. 



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150 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



Section 27.— GAS SUPPLY. 

Type section of a gas house showing general arrangement 
of retort bench, elevators, drawing and charging machine, 
hydraulic mains, etc. The gas is further conveyed through 
a condenser and purifiers to the gasometer. There are many 
varieties of this type. 



Ordinary type of gasometer, consisting of a cylindrical 
plate-iron domed vessel, the lower part of which dips into an 
annular water space. The gasometer is guided by rollers 
bearing against vertical rails attached to iron columns, which 
are braced together. The weight of the gasometer is adjusted 
to give the standard pressure of gas required in the mains. 



3-6 Sections of gas retorts of fireclay 



7 Longitudinal section of a gas retort with iron front and 
cover. 



Oxygen, hydrogen, and other gases are compressed into 
steel bottles (see Section 34) and used for lighting and other 
purposes, usual j)ressure 1,200 lb. per square inch. 



" Mond " gas, water gas, acetylene gas, and several varieties 
of petroleum spirit and other gases are manufactured and 
employed for heating, lighting, and gas-engine driving. 



GAS SUPPLY. 



151 




152 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 
Section 28.— HYDRAULICS. 

1 Water-lifting wheel for irrigation. 

2 Water-lifting lever trough for irrigation. 
8 Water chain-bucket lift. 

4 Archimedian screw water lifts. 

5 Chain pump. 

6 Water-lifting wheel. 

7 Self-acting water pressure pump. The movement of the 

piston reverses the inlet i)ressure valve. 

8 Ditto. 

9 Hydraulic ram. 

10 Water wheel and pump. 

11-15 Types of vertical pumping engines. 

16-18 Types of horizontal pumping engines. 

Hydraulic accumulator. (See Section 44.) 

Water supply. (See Section 44.) 



HYDRAULICS. 



153 




154 CIVn EXGIXEEEI^Xx TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



19-21 Horizontal compound pumping engines. 

22-3 Horizontal pumping engines. 

21 Vertical parallel movement mine pump compound. 

25 Turbine. 

26 Jet wheels. 

27 Pelton wheel. 



!^ Plan of turbine bucket. 



29 Tide wheel on a float. 



80 Undershot jet wheel. 



31 Tide screw motor wheel. 



32 Water motor vrith variable sate. 



HYDEAULICS. 



155 




156 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

33 Breast wheel. 

34 Overshot wheel. 

35 Ditto, reverse flow. 

36 Internal bucket undershot wheel. 

37 Submerged air motor wheel. 
3S Diagonal wheel. 

39 Tide wheel. 

40 Flutter wheel : high fall. 

41 Horizontal wheel. 

42 Internal breast wheel. 

43 Reaction jet wheel. 

44 Undershot wheel. 

45-8 Various forms of plain and ventilated wheel 
buckets. 

49 Plan of turbine. 

50-1 Turbines. 



HYDRAULICS. 



157 




158 CIVIL EXG-IXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



52-1 Sections of water flumes :o convey streams to ^ater 
wheels or turbines. 



DD Flume on staging - iih down shoot or pijje to a turbine. 



bO) Pipe main for pressure water :o a wheel, turbine, or other 
motor. 



57 Hydraulic timber shoot to convey logs to a river or lake. 



HYDRAULICS. 



159 



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160 CIVIL EXGIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 29.— SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 

(See also Sections 31, 32.) 



1 Sections of flood banks or river walls to prevent flood 
overflows. 



2 Training groynes placed on river banks to confine the main 
stream and assist scour. 



S Bottom groynes or walls for a similar pm-pose. 

4 Section of training bank or groyne. 

5 Floating booms placed to direct the main stream. 

6 Training banks to confine a main stream. 

7 Plan of a curved training bank. 



8-9 Arrangements of training banks in a river or estuary 
to direct the stream and assist scour. 



10 River wall with pitched slope, puddle trench, and inner 
surface drain and outfall sluice. 



11-13 Sections of upright walls as protective works. 
14 Rough stone foreshore wall. 



SEA AND EIVER STRUCTURES, 



161 



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162 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



15 River training bank. 



16 Ditto for reclamation of bav or creek. 



17 Plan of groynes on a foreshore, timber, masonry (or 
concrete), also pipe drain groyne. 



18-21 Foreshore protective works of masonry pitching, 
timber, or rubble stone. 



22 Section of timber groyne with old rail struts and concrete 
foundation blocks. 



23 Curved river or sea wall in masonry or concrete. 

21 Breakwater with parapet. 

25 Wharf wall with timber jetty. 

26 Concrete block breakwater on rubble base. 

27 Ditto with sloping blocks. 

28 Concrete block and rubble breakwater. 



SEA AND EIVER STRUCTURES. 



163 




164 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

29 Pitched slope and block toe breakwater. 

30 Concrete block breakwater on rubble mound, with mass 

concrete parapet. 

31-3 Foreshore protective banks and works. 



31 Foreshore protected by sedge or reeds, mattresses, piles, 
ballast or rubble stones. 



35 River wall terraced and pitched. 

36 Ditto with concrete slope and quay and piled footing. 

37 Ditto with concrete slope and footing. 

38 Ditto of concrete faced with stone. 

39 Ditto of concrete with stone facing. 

40 Ditto of rubble stone and cribwork backed by clay wall 

and sand piling. 



41 River foreshore protected by fascine mats floated into position 
and sunk with stone or clav loading. 



42-4 Timber and rubble groyne. Section elevation and plan. 



SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 



16^ 








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166 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

45 Groyne constructed of piles, stakes, and rubble stones. 

46 Foreshore wall of fascines and stones. Avith stakes. 

47 Ditto of stakes and wattles. 

48 Timber and rubble cribwork, with planked face. 

49 Concrete block breakwater on a nibble mound. 

50 Terraced breakwater of rubble with pitched slopes. 



51 Concrete block breakwater filled with rubble and with 
rubble toe. 



52 Sea wall of concrete with masonry top section. 

58 Masonry sea walls. 

54 Sheet pile river wall. 

55 Mass concrete breakwater laid in boxing wath fender piles. 

56 Breakwater constructed of fascines and stone footing, clay and 

sand filling, and concrete or masonry upper section. 

57 Block concrete breakwater with loose block toe. 
58-61 Sections of sea or river walls. 



T 
^ 



SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES, 



16^ 




168 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES ANB DEVICES. 

62 Breakwater formed of a concrete box base with superstructure 

of concrete blocks and mass concrete top with subway and 
parapet. 

63 Concrete breakwater built on a timber cribwork base. 

64 Concrete block breakwater on a mass concrete base. 

65-6 Reinforced concrete box breakwater on a rubble 
base, finished with mass concrete upper section. 

67 Circular concrete fort, built as a caisson and sunk in 

position on levelled foundation. 

68 Cribwork base for wall or breakwater. 

(;9 Coffer-dam, formed of three rows of close piling filled with 
rammed clay. 

70 Timber jetty on a river wall with stone pitching. 

71 Masonry sea wall. 

72 Foreshore protection of stakes and stones. 

73-4 Sea wall of concrete caissons, keyed together, carrying 
a superstructure of mass concrete. 

75 Sea wall on concrete caissons sunk by water pressure 
pipe and sand pump, superstructure of masonry. 



SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 



169 




170 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

76 Wharf wall built forward into a river on a pile foundation. 

77 Cast-iron pile and panel sheet piling for a river wall. 

78 Oval caisson and key, sheet piling. 

79-81 Sections of interlocked steel sheet piling. 
82-5 Sections of piers or jetties. 

86 Type plan of a sea pleasure pier with pavilions. 

87 Timber jetty. 

88 River floating pier with bowstring girder connecting stage. 



89-90 Long tidal incline on floats or dumb lighters. The 
incline is in section maintained at any angle by side levers 
with varying leverage. 



91 Breakwater or training wall faced with pitched stonework. 



92 Cantilever jetty to project to a deep water berth. 



SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 



171 




172 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



93 Light or bell buoy. 



94-101 Sections and elevations of various types of wharf walls. 



102 Concrete wharf wall faced with stone. 



108 Rubble stone mound breakwater or trainins; bank. 



104-5 Breakwaters on rubble base. 



106 Breakwaters at entrance to a riv 



107-8 Section of coal-shoot jetty for loading barges, etc. 



109-10 Steel sheet pile wharf walls. 



SEA AND RIVER STRUCTURES. 



173 




-vTSf-c-S:^. 



174 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



Section 30.— IRRIGATION. 

The artificial supply of water to crops in places where the 
ainfall is either insufficient or unseasonable. 



SOURCES OF SUPPLY. 

Rainfall : The run off being collected in reservoirs, or led by canals 
to dry areas. Eain-water is superior to that from wells. 

Springs : Led to reservoirs, or irrigation canals, or channels. 

Wells : These generally require pumping or some equivalent water- 
raising machinery. 

Artesian wells : The water is directed into canals or storage 
reservoirs. 

Streams : From mountains or hills, dammed at suitable points, and 
led to irrigation canals or channels. 

Rivers : Usually require dams or weirs (Section 43) to raise the 
water to a sufficient head to supply low-lying areas by canals. 
Sometimes the water is pumped up to a sufficient head. 

Lakes : Fed by streams irom elevated catchment areas are natural 
irrigation reservoirs. Their level is often raised by a dam to 
augment the storage and give a greater head of supply. 

Artificial reservoirs : Generally constructed by throwing a dam 
across a valley (Section 44) in which a stream or river runs down 
from high ground. 



IRRIGATION. 175 

DISTRIBUTION. 

Canals : Fitted with sluices to regulate the flow (Section 2-4). 
Branch canals : Smaller in cross section. 

Distributaries and field channels. 

All these are laid Avith a slight fall calculated to give the 
required maximum flow ;. and the flow is controlled by simple 
gates or sluices. 

Aqueducts (Section 24). 



176 CIVIL EXGINEERIXC!- TYPES AND DEVICES. 



Section 31.— DOCKS, HARBOURS. 

(See also Sections 29, 39.) 

1-6 The plan of a harbour is always dependent on the form 
and character of the coastline, the depths of water, tides, 
tidal range, and prevailing winds, as also the tonnage and 
other characteristics of the shipiDing. No general rules are 
possible, so that the plans sketched merely indicate general 
outlines of breakwaters adopted for varying coast outlines. 



7 Sluicing basin on a tidal coast at entrance to a dock or harbour, 
filled at high water and used at low water to scour the approach 
to the locks. 



■8 Type plan of a dock with outer tidal harbour and inner 
basins and locks. Most docks are variations of this type 
adapted to the local conditions. 



DOCKS, HARBOUES. 



177 




178 CIVIL ENGINEERIXG TYPES AND DEVICES. 



9-11 Type plans of locks with cylinder, swing, and sliding 
gates. Xo. 10 is the common form. 



12 Pair of locks opening direct into a river, with concrete apron 
outside and scouring culverts, gates, and sluices to keep the 
approach to the locks clear of silt. 



13 Section of floating dock. Consists of a rectangular water- 
tight steel base, capable of carrying the heaviest vessel to be 
dealt with, and side framings on each side containing work- 
shops, platforms, cranes, and other repairing plant. 



11 Floating dock as last, but with one side framing only 



15-18 Sections of harbour piers or jetties in timber and stone 
work. 



19-21 Horizontal sections of lock gates in wood and steel. 



DOCKS, HARBOURS. 



179 




180 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



22-3 Type plan of repairing slips and graving dock, showing 
three slips branching from a floating dock, opening into a river 
or harbour. 



24-7 Block plans of types of river jetties ; 26 and 27 contain 
barge docks to provide berths for barges receiving goods direct 
from ship or jetty. 



28 Another plan of double jetty with stepped berths on the 
inner sides. 



29 Plan of pair of locks with sluicing openings, culvert, and 
sluice gate. 



30 Lock caisson, used in place of gates and floated into position. 

31 Balanced swing landing-stage. 



i 



DOCKS, HARBOURS. 



18] 




182 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 32.— LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS, BEACONS, 

MOORINGS. 

1-6 Various forms of buoys, with and without cages or bells, 
used to mark channels or sunken rocks or shoals, and their 
form and colour varied to indicate their purpose. 

7~10 Beacons for similar purposes, usually fitted with screws and 
screwed into the sea bottom. (See also Section 30.) 

11 Lighthouse of tower form of cast-iron plates, with gallery 

and lantern on stone or concrete base. The light-rooms, stores, 
and lightkeepers' rooms are all in the interior with a spiral 
stair to the lantern. 

12 Screw pile sea lighthouse with upper platform carrying 

the stores, and living-rooms. This type is often fixed to rock 
foundation by special rock-boring screws. 

13 Masonry lighthouse of the Eddystone type, built on a rock 

Avhich is exposed at low water. All the stores and living- 
rooms are in the interior of the tower. The masonry is 
usually toggled or dovetailed together. 

14 Masonry lighthouse for a headland or elevated position with 

short tower, gallery, and lantern. The stores and dwellings 
are in the adjoining building. 

15 Cylindrical caisson foundation for a lighthouse as No. 30. 

The caisson is filled with concrete and may be protected by 
a mound of rubble. 

16 Screw pile lighthouse for a shoal or sunk rock, with large 

platform and iron building containing the stores and dwellings. 



LIGHTHOUSES, BUOYS, Etc. 



188 




184 CIVIL EXGINEEEIXG TYPES AND DEVICES, 



Section 33.— DISPOSAL OF REFUSE, Etc. 

Town refuse : Is ordinarily coiiYeyed by collecting veliicles to 
municipal destructors and burned. 

Destructors are of two classes — 

1. Low temperature furnaces ; the products of combustion 

escaping" into the atmosphere. 

2. High temperature ; the hot gases being utilized to generate 

steam in boilers, the power being applied to municipal 
services, as electricity production, pumping sewage or 
water, gasworks power, etc. 



The remaining clinker and ash are used for road-making, 
concrete and mortar mixing. 



Tipping refuse on land : Usually on low land which needs 
raising or levelling and not too near to dwellings. 



As manure : The refuse is seldom of a quality suitable for 
manuring, although much of it is so used. 



Street sweepings are, however, good and valuable as manure. 



Trades wastes from paper mills, bleach works, wool cleaning, 
chemical works, tanners and leather works, bleachers and dyers, etc. 

The wastes are treated: 1, chemically to recover useful con- 
stituents, or combine them into saleable substances. 2, by pre- 
cipitation in tanks or reservoirs. The liquor is chemically or 



DISPOSAL OF REFUSE, Etc. 185 



bacterially treated to form an innocuous effluent, and discharged into 
a stream or sewer. The sludge is treated chemically or dried for 
use as a manure, and in most cases considerable quantities of 
valuable by-products are obtained from both the liquors and the 
precipitates. 

Drainage (see Section 3) carries away a very large proportion of 
tow^n and domestic refuse from streets, house drains, roofs, open 
yards, closets, and sinks. 



ISG CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 34.— TANKS AND CONTAINERS. 

1 Railway water crane and tank. 

2-6 Plans of cast-iron or steel tanks of yarioiis forms. 

7 Tubular heating tank. 

8 Square wrought-iron tank. 

9 Circular cast-iron tank. 



10 Evaporating or heating tank, containing numerous sloping 
shelves. 



11 Similar tank, Tertically arranged. 

12 Similar tank with diagonal shelves or diaphragms. 

13 Saddle tank. 

14 Hot- water tank. 



15 Steel gas bottle for high pressure. 

(See also Section 44. 



TANKS AND CONTAIXEES. 



18' 



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188 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG- TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 33.— MINES AND WELLS. 

Ventilating mines. (See Section 25.) 

1 Plan of circular mine shaft. There are usually six cage 

guide timbers framed together, also pump rods, rising main, 
and pipes for compressed air, etc. 

2 Plan of elliptical mine shaft with similar fittings. 

3 Mode of sinking shafts or wells by cast-iron or steel 

cylinders, sometimes lined internally -svith brickwork and 
loaded to assist sinking. The soil and water are removed from 
the interior by hoisting and pumping. (See Section 1.) 

4 Well sinking by cyhndrical brick cyhnder. The lower section, 

penetrating water-bearing strata, is built with holes or in dry 
brickwork. The cylinder is loaded to assist sinking. 

5 Well sinking by cast-iron or steel cylinder. 

6 Brick-lined well in soft gTound continued down into rock or 

hard strata without a lining. 

7 Mode of timbering a shaft for sinking in soft strata. 

8 Another method, permitting the top diameter to be maintained 

throughout. 

9 Coal or mineral washer. 

10 Ditto, and separator. 

Tube wells, put down singly or in groups or series, are tubes 
with the lower lengths perforated and driven down to water- 
bearing strata. x\n internal suction pipe is used for pumping, 

and several weHs may be connected to one pump. 



MINES, WELLS. 



189 




190 CIVIL ENGINEERIXa TYPES AND DEVICES. 



11 Mine-cage governing gear to control speed of cage. 



12 Cage safety gear ; kept out of action by the pull of the 
hoisting rope. 



13 Another method. 

14 Cage safety hook, detaches the cage if drawn too high. 
15-16 Cage indicators for winding engines. 

17 Section of cage rope pulley. 
18-19 Cage safety gears, as No. 12. 
20-1 Horizontal winding engines. 



MIXES, WELLS. 



101 




192 CIVIL E^TtIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 36.— FENCING. 

1 The common sod hedge. 

2 Thickset hedge. 

3-4 American rail fence, laid zigzag. 

Tree stumps and roots are also placed close together to form 
a rongh fence. 

Z Split post and wire fence. The nprights are woven in with 
the wires, so thai the fence can lie roUed np for carriage. 

6 Open or close pale and rail fence. 

7 Diiio. with triangular rails. 
>i Lattice and rail fence. 
9 Post and three-rail fence for cattle. 

10 Five-wire fence with wood posts. Varieties of this fence have 

from :hj-r :o seven wires, the lower wires thicker than the 
upper; also iron standards as Xos. 19. 20. 

11 Three-rail split-rail fence. The rail ends have bevelled 

ends : o ii.~c in the post mortises. 

1'2 Two-rail fence with lattice npright or diagonal panels. 

18 Rustic fence fiirirl of tree branches. 

11 Galvanized corrugated sheet-iron fence 



i 



FENCING. 



198 





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194 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

15 Three-tube fence with cast (or other) posts. The tubes are 

usually ordinary gas-pipes, galvanized and joined by the 
ordinary unions. 

16 L iron rail fence, with T iron (or wood) posts. 

17 Tube fence with wood posts. 

18 Garden fence of stout wire, with L or T iron posts. 

19 Post and strut with footplates for the ground. 

20 T or L iron posts and struts and mode of fixing to a bridge 

girder. 

21-2 Panelled brick boundary wall. 



23-9 Various forms of stone copings for masonry or brick 
boundary walls. 



80 Stone open parapet with turned balusters. 

31 Rolling gates for bridge or level crossing. 

Fencing posts are also made of reinforced concrete or vitrified 
clay or shale, also many sections of steel or iron bars and 

tubes. 

Holes for fencing posts are sometimes blasted by small 
sticks of dynamite (40%) sunk in holes jumped in the ground, 
or bored bv a screw auger. 



FENCING, 



195 



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196 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



1 



Section 37.— STAGING AND FALSE WORKS. 

(Forms, etc., for reinforced concrete work, Section 41.) 

1 Centering for a semicircular arch with side supports. 

2 Ditto, with four supports. 

3 Ditto, with side supports. 

4 Centering for an elliptic arch supported on corbels. 



5 Braced centering for an eUiptic arch with striking wedges at 
the springing. 



6 Strutted centering for a flat arch. 

7, 8 Braced centerings for elliptic arches. 



9 Centering for a segmental arch, supported on a braced 
centre framing. 



10, 11 Temporary timber viaduct. 



STAGING AND FALSE WORKS. 



197 




19S CTATL EXGIXEEETXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



12 Centerings for a high girder viaduct of long spans, with 
masoniy piers. 



13 Centering for long-span girder viaduct, with travelling 
crane for constructing the girders. 



14, 15 Ordinary builders' scaffold for house building ; formed 
of poles, putlogs, and planks, and reached by ladders, materials 
being hoisted by a rox^e pulley or winch. 



16 Continental builders' scaffold of poles, planks, and put- 
logs, reached by inchne stages, the materials l^eing earned or 
wheeled up the inclines. 



The centerings shown are types of which there have been 
very many varieties designed and used. Every country has 
its own designs of centerings. 



17 Travelling stage for use inside a railway station or other 
building, to clean or repair skyhghts, etc. 



IS Floating barges and stage to cany a cylinder caisson into 
position. 



STAGING AND FALSE WORKS. 



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200 CIVIL ENGINEEEING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



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19 Floats and stages to carry a long girder and deposit it in 
position in a tidal river. 



20 Staging and capstan used for screw piles. 

21 Floats to carry a caisson or cylinder to its site. 



STAGING AND FALSE WORKS, 



201 




202 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICE?, 






Section 38.— HOISTING MACHINERY. 

1 Is a common type of wharf crane, but with the post, 

reTolving in a footstep and base plate ; this gives a better base 
than where the post is fixed in a base plate. 

2 Has no post, but a reTolving frame and base plate with front 

and back friction rollers and a centre pin. 

3 Post and jib in one piece, usually of wrought iron. A 

balance weight is fixed at A to balance the overhanging jib. 

4 Swing derrick crane, generally of wood. The jib turns 

three -fourths of a circle, and the two giiys are fixed at an 
angle of 90" apart, and well seemed by anchoring or loading ; 
often made with very long jib for builders' work, and mounted 
on three tall framed stages to enable the crane to reach every 
part of a building. 

5 Wharf crane, with centre tension bolt instead of crane post. 

In this arrangement there is a vertical tension on the centre 
bolt and thrust on the foot of jib. 

6 Warehouse wall crane. 

7 Warehouse wall crane, with high jib-head. 

8 Whip crane, chiefly used in goods sheds. The barrel is some- 

times worked by an endless handrope as shown, and sometimes 
by a second rope and drum with a hand crank. 

9 Portable hand crane, with balance weight. The balance 

weight can be shifted in or out to balance the load. 

10 Foundry crane, sometimes with travelling carriage on the jib, 

as Xo. 11. 

11 Swing bracket crane and traveller, usually formed of llat 

bars on edge ; used only for light loads, for smiths" shops, etc. 

12 Wharf derrick, to turn an entire circle, similar to Xo. 4, 

but employed for hea^w loads. 

13 Floating derrick. 

11 Light balance crane. 



HOISTING MACHIXEEY, 



203 




204 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



15 Trussed jib crane, witli centre tension bolt. 

16 Simple derrick and winch, with two or three guy ropes ; 

for temporary purposes only, and may be easily shifted about. 

17 Sheers and winch. 

18 Tripod and winch. 

19 Sheers with screw adjustment to back leg. This design 

is adopted for very heavy lifts, such as loading heavy 
machinery, shipping-masts, boilers, etc. 

20 Four-guy derrick and winch, used for fixing columns, 

bases, masonry, etc. 

21 Fixed post steam crane, for wharfs, piers, jetties, harbour 

works, etc. 

22 Portable steam crane, very largely used on wharfs, piers, | 

etc., and sometimes fitted with travelling gear in addition to 
hoisting and slewing motions. 

23 Wharf crane, with fixed engine, centre bolt, and trussed arched 

jib. This is a very good type, as the ground is kept clear for 
goods, etc., and of course all motions, hoisting, lowering, and 
slewing are controlled from the crane above ground by hand 
levers. 

24 Hydraulic wharf crane, with fixed post. The common type 

universally used in docks, etc., with the ordinary form of 
multiplying hydraulic cylinder and chain gear : the valve for 
controlling its movements is operated by hand levers ex- 
tending up through slots in the floor ; the slewing is performed 
by a separate cylinder and chain gear, with a distinct con- 
trolling lever. 



HOISTING MACHINERY. 



205 




206 CIVIL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD L)EV:r_z<. 



25 Hydraulic short lift ram, centre crane, and traveller. 



: Trains, and many designs pro\ide an t /tiI gaide or 

su'xsori for the ramhead. 

26 Automatic balance crane, portable or fixed : thejiosition of 



27 Steam multiplying cylinder crane. ::i " nieh the ram is 

forced oni; by sieani prfeasiun&, aeung feidifer directly or by an 
intervening body of water. 

28 Breakwater swing crane. 

29 Overhanging travelling crane, for use on breakwaters, etc. 

yO Overhead hydraulic travelling goliath, to span a railway ; 
^ T~ - :_ ::ian and a baianeed jib. 

31 Single rail crane ^m top gmde rail. 

82 Overhead traveller on gantry. 

33 Goliath. 

- Steam overhead crane, ^th carriage to span a railway. 
Ev:_t1 - t :_ :;k wharves, etc., as they have a high lift 
and do not encmiiber or encroach on valuable quay space. 

So Hydraulic cylinder post crane : ~?metime? adopted instead 
oi:l. -.--:. Xo. 24. 



4 



HOISTIXG MACHIXEEY. 



207 




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208 CIVIL EXGIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



I 



36 Heavy hydraulic crane, with siispeiidecl cylinder : employed 

for work of the very heaviest type. 

37 Ship's davit. 

38 Balanced jib post crane, no tie-rod. The weight must be 

sufficiently heavy to balance the jib and load. 

39 Hydraulic strut jib crane. The load is raised by raising 

the jib. 

40 Overside dock crane, for discharging from ships into barges. 

The overhang being very great in this design, it must be 
provided with a heavy frame or balance weight. 

41 Wagon tip crane, for loading vessels. 

42 Double sheave 4 to 1 purchase for crane jib. 

43 Crane with rising jib. 

44 Suspended travelling hand crane. 



45 Basement crane, projected diagonally upward when in use. 
The winch is a lixed one. 



46 Loophole crane, projected horizontally Avhen in use by 

a hand-rope gear workhig a pinion and rack, or by a chain 
wound upon a barrel. 

47 Travelling wharf crane to span a railway. 



HOISTING MACHINERY. 



209 







210 CR-IL EXGIXEEEIXCt TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



4S Wharf goliath, with swinging beam and traTeller. 



49 Gantry crane or transporter to unload nom a vessel and 
deliver into trucks. 



oO Roof traveller crane. 

51 Wharf crane with elevated inner rail. 

52 Transporter. 

53 Gantry crane. 

54 Long jib wharf crane to reach over two or three vessels. 



HOISTING MACHINERY. 



211 



Q_ 




212 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



56 Travelling crane or goliath running on rails laid on the 
""round. 



57 Overhead type travelling crane, running on overhead 
girders, with staging and derrick for fixing roof principals. 



58 Jetty or pier pile-driving travelling stage and steam 

hoisting engine. 



59 Jetty or wharf end crane. 



60 Travelling hydraulic wagon, hoisting, tipping, and dis- 
charging stage. 



61 Revolving cantilever crane. 

62 Wharf crane with jointed jib for quick discharging. 



68 Travelling transporter for unloading coal, etc., and depositing 
it in heaps. 



Builders' steam derrick cranes, as No. 4, for high and 
extensive buildings are mounted on a triangular platform 
raised above the building on three framed timber piers on 
towers braced together and fixed inside the building. 



HOISTING MACHINERY. 



213 




211 CBTL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 

Section 39.— SUBMARINE ENGINEERING. 

(See also Sec-tion? 29. 30. 32. 39.) 

1 Canal dredger, with one, xvro, or three sets of chain buckets. 
The inaterid is asnally fed into a side ia^ngh or conYeyor 
and dmnped on the canal bank, or shot into drop-bottom barges 
and deposited in deep water. (See Section 24 and Xos. 6. 7.) 



2 Bottom dredger for deepening a harbonr or river or removing 

shoals. The material is shot into barges with drop bottoms 
and snnk in deep water. 



3 Water or compressed air injector jet suction. Dredger 

for sani or mud l::::om. Ha.s a pipe line to convey the 
material to the shore. 



4. •:» Submarine tube tunnel and mode of laying on piepaied 

or pile fo'jjidarion ani aiter^ards covered with concrete in mass 
in form of a bank. 



6 Canal dredger, discharging on to a bank tip. 



7 Canal bank chain bucket dredger, uavelling on a railway 
laid on the canal bank. 



8 Dolphin, a group of piles braced together used as a i)rotection 

to a pier. 

9 Ground chain moorings and screws for harbour bnoys. 



SUBMAEINE ENGINEERING. 



215 




^^;^rg-^: 



21G CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



I 



Section 40.— OPENING BRIDGES. 

1 Balanced lifting bridge for short spans. 



2 Rolling and lifting bridge, with balance weight for short 
spans. 



8-4 Single swing bridge, supported on a stmt frame fitted 
with rollers running on a curved rail on the bottom. 



5 Double balanced lifting bridge, with overhead fixed bridge 
to be used when the lower bridge is open to the river. 



G Swing bridge on a turntable, carried by an air float. 



7 Lifting bridge, with winch gear, usually balanced. 



8 Double swing bridge on a central pier, giving two openings. 
When open it is protected from drifting vessels by dolphins or 
pile tenders. 



I 






OPENING BRIDGES. 



217 




..^i^^kKIRRR^^ 





218 CIVIL ENGmEEEIXG TYPES AND DEVICES. 



9 Transporter bridge. 



10 Single swing bridge on a turntable. 



11 Double swing bridge on central caisson pier, 



12 Telescopic bridge at Queen's Ferry, Chester. The central 
opening span is balanced by weights and runs back on rollers 
under the floor of fixed side span. The central floor is hinged 
to swing arms and falls far enough to pass under the floor of 

the fixed span. 



13 Rolling bridge with lateral approach. 



14 Balanced lifting bridge. 



15 Double-leaf lifting bridge. The lifting beams have 
balance weights on their inner ends. 



OPENING BRIDGES. 



219 




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220 CI\'IL EXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES 



Section 41.— ROOFS. 



TIMBER ROOFS 



1 Simple triangular truss i:li king rod (or post). 

•2-r. Queen post trusses. 

4-0 Church roof trusses. 

6 Gothic arch truss. 

7-^ Church roof trusses. 

9-10 Arched roof trusses, framed and braced. 
11 Framed truss with arched laminated tie. 
12. 18 Laminated arch truss. 



ROOFS. 



221 



I 




222 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



14, 15 Simple triangular trusses. 



16 High-pitch roof truss. 



17 Arched and framed truss with horizontal tie. 



18 Mansard truss. 



19 Truss with arched tie, ornamented. 



20 Framed truss with Gothic openwork spandrils. 



STEEL ROOFS. 



21 Arched T iron principal with horizontal rod tie. 



22 Simple triangular truss. 



23 Triangular truss with one bracing. 



24 Ditto with eight panels. 



25 Arched or bowstring truss with eight panels. 



26 Ditto with cambered tie-rod. 



27 Triangular truss with cambered tie-rod. 



ROOFS. 



'^'l?y 




'22A C1\Tl EXGIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVI.:: 

28 Triang^ular truss, another fonn. 

29, 30 Ditto with componnd tm^ bracing. 

ol Arched corrugated sheet-iron roof. -:__i Ir v^^. 

32 Compound trians^ular truss. 

33 Six panel triangular truss. 

::^ Triangular roof in three bays —_:_:: or supports. 

35 Braced segmental arch truss. 

36 Three hinge braced Gothic arch truss. 
^7 Semicircular braced arch truss. 

38 Ditto. 

39 Triangular truss ^th connter-braced princijials. 

40 Din : — :: : - — . h-adwav. 



ROOFS. 



225 




226 CIVIL ZXGIXEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES. 



41 Mansard type triangular trass. 

42-3 Station roof with elliptic tie and Tentilator. 

41 Three-hinge roof. 

45 Double cantilever roof "n -ih-'t ::-;_::in. 

46 High-pitched roof with arched ties. 

47 Compound truss Mansard type. 
4> Pino. 



49 Three-hinge compound truss with ontside canmeTers as 
a station roof. 



50 Station roof with outside cantilevers. 



51-2 Cantilever roofs supported from a wall. 



EOOFS. 



22^ 




228 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



58 Station roof with outside cantilevers. 



54 Ditto with overhanging eaves. 



55 Roof formed of four triangular bays carried on parallel braced 
main girders. 



56 Triangular roof with cantilever eaves. 



57 Three-bay station roof on two columns. 



58 Station roof over two platforms carried on rolled girders 
reaching the entire wddth. 



59 Double platform station roof with central gutter supported 
on double columns. 



60 Station roof of central arched bay and two cantilevers. 



61 Factory or shed roof in several bays. The steep slopes are 
of glass and face the north to avoid sun -glare. 



62-3 Roof formed of one or more short spans placed transversely 
and carried on arched girders. 



64-5 Sections of ventilators with louvres. 



ROOFS. 



229 




230 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



66 Arched roof on rolled girder principals. 



67 Roof of two or more bays carried on longitudinal braced 
or plate girders. 



68 Arched station roof covered only over the platforms. 

69 Cast-iron three-bay platform roof on two columns. 

70 Platform roof of wood on two columns with central gutter. 

71 Triangular platform roof on double columns. 

72 Ditto on single column and wall. 

73-9 Platform roofs supported from walls. 



80 Theatre front pavement roof, usually of glass and highly 
ornamental. 



ROOFS. 



281 




232 CIVIL ENGINEEEIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES, 



81-3 Cantilever platform roofs, steel framed. 



84-0 Typical details of a triangular truss framing and waU or 
column supports ; 85 is an elevation of a trussed purlin. (See 
also Sections 6 and 10.) 



86 Junction of principal and tie bar. 

87 Junction of tie bar and diagonals. 

88 Junction of principal, tie bar. and steel column. 

89 Section of iron and wood roof and gutter at support. 



EOOFS, 



2S'd 




284 CIVIL EXGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 

Section 42. ~ CONCRETE AND REINFORCED 
CONCRETE. 

1, 2 Section and elevation of square concrete pile re- 
inforced with four steel rods and horizontal ring ties. 

3, 4 Circular pile similarly reinforced. 

5, 6 Forms for circular and square piles. 

7-10 Iron rammers for "Compressol" piles. With No. 7 
a hole is made in the ground by repeated rammings, com- 
pressing the soil around the hole. Stones are then dropped 

in and rammed into the foot of the hole and the hole 
filled with concrete. 

11 Form (hinged together) for a square pile or column. 

12 Wall forms with various forms of ties. There are many 

kinds of ties of special make in use. 

13 Ditto showing insertion of wood bricks or fillets. 

14 Plan of angle or quoin forms. 

15, 16 Foundation bed of concrete for a building on concrete 
piles. 

17 Form for a square column. 

18-20 The " Kahn " trussed reinforcement bar for a main 

girder. 

21-2 Grooved [_bar to take splayed truss rods hxed in the 
grooves. 

23 Triangular wire mesh reinforcement. 

24 Corrugated bar for ditto. 



i 



CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. 



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236 CIVn. EXGIXEEBIXG TYPES AVD DEVICES. 



25-. Type of forms for a floor, with joists and girders, sup- 
ported on columns : all in reinforced concrete. 



28-30 Sections of reinforced concrete floors and joisting. 



31-^ Floor girder ; square section showing various styles of 
reinforcement. 



3-5 Reinforced concrete casing :o the piles of a pia*, subject to 
abra^on bv sea beach. 



36 Concrete arch bridge, reinforced, with suspended temjwrary 
staging or foms 



37 Another form of reinforced concrete arch bridge. 

8^-0* Reinforced concrete arch sad spandril bridge. The arch 



40-^ Various tvpes :i notched and corrugated or twisi^i rein 



45 Reinforced concrete column top -irb -gizdeT joists and 



CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. 287 



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238 CIVIL EXGIXEERIXG TYPES AXD DEVICES, 



46 Reinforced concrete roof arch and side ^-alls, in which 

the thrust is taken bv anchored tie bars. 



47-8 Concrete slab partitions. 

49; 50 Reinforced retaining wall T\-ith toe and back buttresses 

51 Another form of reinforced concrete retaining wall. 



52 Reinforced concrete battered retaining wall with lon< 
toe and projecting heeh 



53-4 Reinforced concrete hollow dam or weir with trans 
verse i^artitions and openings. 



Prevention of freezing of concrete by additions of sohitions 

of calcium chloride or common salt : said to improve the 
concrete by rendering it more impermeable. 



Expanded steel is also extensively used for reinforcement 
of concrete in floors, roofs, partitions, walls, etc. 



Concrete hollow building blocks of various shapes are 

used instead of stone or brick for walls and partitions. 



CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE. 280 




240 CIVIL ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 
Section 43.— DAMS AND WEIRS. 

(See also Sections 29, 30.) 

1 " Gerard " shutter dam, operated by a hydraulic ram. 

2 Fish pass. 

;-) " Stoney " sluices and dam with balanced rising sluice gates. 

4 Balanced sliding dam or sluices. 

5, 6 Arched gravity dam in masonry or concrete. 

7 Drum weir, balanced by the water pressure. 

■8 Earthen dam with puddle wall. (See Sections 44, 24, and 29.) 

9 Ditto with puddle face and pitched slope. 
10-12 Timber gravity dams. 
18, 14 Pitched stone dam and sluices. 

15 Irrigation weir with adjustable sluices and over-bridges. 

16 Eubble stone dam. 



DAMS AND WEIES. 



241 




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242 Civil. ENGINEERING TYPES AND DEVICES. 



17 Standard type of concrete or masonry dam. 

18 Vertical wall dam, usually arched in plan as No. 22. 

19 Concrete spillway. 

20 Earthen spillway with puddle wall and pitched slopes. 
21-2 Plans of dams, straight and arched. 

23 Masonry dam with rubble core or hearting. 

24 Series of dams to divide a stream into pools. 



Many rivers have been "canalized" by the construction of 
dams and locks with spillways or weirs for the overflow. 



Some large rivers, such as the Charles, at Boston, have 
been dockized by the construction of a dam with locks for 
shipping. 



I 



DAMS AND WEIRS. 



243 




24 



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I 



244 CIVIL EXCtIXEEEIXCt TYPES AXD DEVICES. 
Section 44.— \^'ATER SUPPLY. 

1 Reservoir wall of concrete ^th earth filling. 

2 Ditto with puddle wall and foundation. 

3 Reservoir wall faced with pitched stonework with iniddle 

wall and earth bank. 

4 Filter bed lined with concrete and with puddle wall and 

foundation. The bed is formed of loose bricks covered with 
layers of sand and gravel. 

5 Elevated tank for water supply. 

6 Stand pipe to give an hydi-aulic head to the supply pipes. 
7, 8 Sections of covered reservoirs. 

9 Syphon supply main from a reservoir. 

10 Reservoir water tower and culvert, containing the service 

main, inlets, and valves, reached from the reservoir bank by 
a bridge. 

11 Hydraulic high-pressure accumulator weighted with cast- 

iron sections. These are sometimes substituted by a steel 

cylindrical case, loaded with ballast, etc. 

Hydraulic high-pressure water for lifts, etc., is supphed 
in special high-pressure mains in London, etc., at pressure of 
700 lb. per square inch. 

For details of pipes, valves, pumps, pumping-engines, and other 
plant see the Engineer's Sketch-booh. 



WATER SUPPLY 



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BOOKS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS 

132 pages, with Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Cloth. Net 5s. 

SEWERAGE OF SEA-COAST TOWNS 

By HENRY C. ADAMS, A.M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., A.M.I.E.E., 
M.R.San.Inst., etc. 



330 pages. Illustrated by 150 Diagrams and Working Drawings. Royal 8vo. Cloth. 

Net 10s. 6d. 

SEWERAGE SYSTEMS 

THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 

A Practical Treatise upon the Principles of the Design, Construction, and 
Maintenance of Town Sewerage Systems, with Examples of existing Works. 

By HUGH WATSON, A.M.Inst.C.E. 



With numerous Plates and Illustrations. Super-royal 8vo. Buckram. £1 5s. 

WATER SUPPLY of TOWNS and the 
CONSTRUCTION of WATERWORKS 

A Practical Treatise for the use of Engineers and Students of Engineering. 
By W. K. BURTON, A.M.Inst.C.E., 

Late Consulting Engineer to the Tokyo Watencorks. 

THIRD EDITION, REVISED. 
Edited by ALLAN GREENWELL, F.G.S., A.M.Inst.C.E. 



JUST PUBLISHED. 250 pages, with 24 Photographic Plates. Demy 8vo. Net 7s. 6d. 

WATER SUPPLIES 

Their Purification, Filtration, and Sterilisation 

A Handbook for the use of Local and Municipal Authorities. 
By SAMUEL RIDEAL, D.Sc. (Lond.), 

Fellow of Unii-ersity College, London; Felloio of the Institute of Chemistry; Public Analyst for the Metropolitan 
Borough of Chelsea; Author of "Disinfection and Disinfectants "- 

And ERIC K. RIDEAL, B.A. (Cantab.), Ph.D. (Bonn). 

With Plates and Tables. 



64 pages. 15 full-page Plates. 4to. Cloth. Net 12s. 

A GRAPHICAL HANDBOOK OF 
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 

By JOHN HAWKES WORTH, C.E. 

Consisting of a series of Plates showing graphically, by means of plotted curves, 
the required design for Slabs, Beams, and Columns, under various conditions of 
external loading, together with practical examples explaining the methods of using 
each Plate. With an Appendix containing the requirements of the Building Code 
of New York City in regard to Reinforced Concrete. 

LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD & SON 



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028 118 853 7 



